Notes

Amazingly structure involving bis-[(phenyl-methanamine-κN)(phthalocyaninato-κ(Four) D)zinc] phenyl-methan-amine tris-olvate.
Thus, this case of PAOT would add to the myriad presentation of AOT making it one of the most often discussed odontogenic tumor.Oral Carcinoma cuniculatum(OCC) is rare variant of squamous cell carcinoma. The histopathological features of this type of carcinoma makes it special in the literature of Pathology. The appearance of deep invading epithelial islands with pool of keratin cores very similar to rabbit burrows gives the term cuniculatum to the carcinoma. Here we present a case of OCC on the lateral surface of the tongue. Early diagnosis of such case is very important to distinguish it distinctly from the other entities of squamous cell carcinoma like verrucous carcinoma. The knowledge of existence of such entity of squamous cell carcinoma occurring in the oral cavity is very important to facilitate correct treatment planning and management.Ameloblastic carcinoma (AC) is a rare malignant epithelial proliferation that is associated with an ameloblastoma or histologically resembles an ameloblastoma. It is considered to be an aggressive neoplasm that is locally invasive and spread to regional lymph nodes or distant sites. It requires aggressive surgical treatment, and regular follow-up, therefore, differs from ameloblastoma. Cepharanthine in vitro Sometimes, ameloblastomas exhibit a mild-to-moderate degree of cytological atypia; hence, in such cases, a correlation should be established between the clinical, radiological and histopathological findings, thus detecting the aggressiveness of the tumor. Here, we present the case report of a 52-year-old male patient diagnosed as AC based on histopathological and immunohistochemical findings.
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common epithelial malignancy of the oral cavity which has evolved globally as a grave and growing health problem. It shares a wide geographic variation with respect to the incidence rate and exhibits anatomic adaptation to oral environment with varied clinical presentation along with a spectrum of histological mélange. Besides, in recent cancer research, both genetics and epigenetics add on at the molecular level and accounts for this diversification and tumor heterogeneity of OSCC and thereby substantiates to the miRNA expression profiling in OSCC.

In the present study, subsite specificity of miR-21 expression in tissue specimens of OSCC of Tongue, Buccal mucosa, and Gingivo buccal (GB) sulcus were analyzed.

Quantification of miR-21 was done on 30 tissue samples of OSCC using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

Results indicated that miR-21 expression was significantly expressed at the subsites. Out of 30 samples, 22 showed upregulation, and 8 showed down-regulation with reference to endogenous control. The comparative Ct method was used to analyze the differences in subsite specific expression of miR-21 in OSCC cases. It was significantly upregulated in the buccal mucosa (p=0.002), followed by GB sulcus (p=0.01) and Tongue (p=0.25).

In conclusion, the study could identify the differential miR-21 expression at sub-sites, indicating that it may serve as a diagnostic marker with further elaboration on a larger sample size..
In conclusion, the study could identify the differential miR-21 expression at sub-sites, indicating that it may serve as a diagnostic marker with further elaboration on a larger sample size..
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a major worldwide health problem characterized by progressive immunosuppression. The morbidity of HIV patients is due to its association with opportunistic infections among which oral candidiasis is common. Regardless of HIV status, candidiasis can prevail when their immune system is depressed. Oral candidiasis can thus serve as a useful marker for both restoration of immune functions and HIV disease progression. Routine identification of Candida species is laborious and time-consuming. HICHROM agar stains different species into different colors facilitating rapid reliable identification of candida species as they differ in their virulence and sensitivity to antifungal drugs.

This cross-sectional study includes a total of 200 HIV seropositive patients from Anti-Retroviral Therapy Centre, West Godavari District. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected in a screw-capped universal container. Five microliters of each sample using a sterile inoculating loop is streaked on the chromogenic agar culture media. The colonies formed are counted using a magnifying glass and LAPIZ colony counter. Candidal colony-forming units per milliliter were analyzed, compared and correlated among different study groups. Different candida species were also identified in the study.

Nonalbicans
was the most common species isolated in our study accounting for 53% and
accounting for 47%. Considering initial and final CD4 counts, there is improvement in patients on retroviral therapy.

Identification of the species is important for epidemiological reasons and for treatment purposes to ensure a better prognosis since some species present reduced susceptibility to azoles.
Identification of the species is important for epidemiological reasons and for treatment purposes to ensure a better prognosis since some species present reduced susceptibility to azoles.
Unfavorable modifications of tooth and its surrounding structures result in periodontal complications. Viruses, in specific herpes virus, are known to increase disease severity in periodontal patients. Periodontitis is known to be more established in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) patients. Hence, the detection of the viral load, its effect on the prevalence of periodontitis and the glycemic control status of patients are to be evidenced. The study aimed to reveal the association of herpes virus with periodontal parameters and its prevalence in DM2 patients.

The cross-sectional study involved a total of 120 patients falling into three groups; Group I (healthy), Group II (periodontitis without DM2) and Group III (periodontitis with DM2) were subjected for sampling. Subgingival samples of periodontitis patients were tested for clinical parameters, and DNA extraction was performed. The presence of herpes virus (Epstein-Barr virus [EBV-1] and human
[HCMV]) was detected using multiplex polymerase chain reaction primers. Glycemic status of patients was recorded as glycosylated hemoglobin and scored accordingly. Chi-square test was performed to analyze the association between the categorical variables, and
-test/Mann-Whitney U-test/analysis of variance/Kruskal-Wallis test was used for continuous data.

Significant levels of EBV-1 were detected in Group III (
= 21, 52.5%), followed by Group II (
= 16, 40%) and Group I (
= 2, 5%) (
< 0.0001). HCMV was not detected. A significant association of EBV-1 to periodontal site-specific parameters was observed in Group II patients (
< 0.05). EBV-1 was predominant with poor glycemic status patients.

This study revealed that the incidence of herpes virus infection in periodontal patients was higher in diabetic patients and the examined patients were prone to EBV-1 infections.
This study revealed that the incidence of herpes virus infection in periodontal patients was higher in diabetic patients and the examined patients were prone to EBV-1 infections.
The process of odontogenesis is complex involving epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, along with the molecular signaling pathways triggering the initiating process. The triggering factors and cells precisely involved in the pathogenesis of odontogenic cysts and tumors are unknown. There is a vast array of biomarkers used to stain different sites, thereby helpful in diagnosing and evaluating the prognosis of these cysts and tumors. Cytokeratins are the intermediate filament proteins which maintain cell integrity and alter their properties in cysts and tumors. In the following study, cytokeratin 19 expression patterns are assessed quantitatively in reduced enamel epithelium, dentigerous cyst and unicystic ameloblastoma.

The aim of present study is to assess expression of CK 19, a stem cell marker in reduced enamel epithelium, dentigerous cyst and unicystic ameloblastoma, quantitatively.

The present study is carried out with 15 samples in each group. Reduced enamel epithelium is derived from the patients undergoing treatment for impacted teeth. Histopathologically diagnosed cases of dentigerous cyst and unicystic ameloblastoma were considered for the study. With the help of Olympus BX 43 microscope, with ProgRes microscope camera, the 45 slides obtained were examined. The region of interest was selected in each slide and number of cells positively stained was counted. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 23. Descriptive for scale data, One way anova with post hoc Tukey's test for intergroup comparison.

The results showed significant
value <0.05. Expression of CK 19 was highest in reduced enamel epithelium, followed by dentigerous cyst and unicystic ameloblastoma.

CK 19 can be used as diagnostic marker to differentiate between odontogenic cyst and tumor.
CK 19 can be used as diagnostic marker to differentiate between odontogenic cyst and tumor.
This study aims to study the expression of podoplanin in tumor cells as well as the lymphatic vessels (LVs) in both tumoral and peritumoral areas and correlate the importance of the lymphatic microvascular density (LMVD) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and its metastatic potential.

D2-40 expression and LV density (LVD) were assessed using antibody D240, in 45 diagnosed cases of all the three grades of OSCC. D2-40 expression was evaluated in both epithelial cells as well as the LVs.

D2-40 expression in OSCC showed two different patterns - diffuse and focal. LMVD was calculated and difference in peritumoral and intra tumoral LVs was also assessed. A marked increase was seen we progressed from well-differentiated tumor to poorly differentiated ones, but this difference was found to be statistically nonsignificant. D2-40 immunostaining also highlighted the presence of lymphatic invasion present within the tumors which was detected by the presence of tumor emboli within the LVs. Overall, no significant correlation was found between D240 epithelial positivity and LVD.

The expression of podoplanin in tumor cells and lymphatics when correlated with histopathological status and clinically with the lymph node status can definitely help in the adjuvant therapies used in OSCC.
The expression of podoplanin in tumor cells and lymphatics when correlated with histopathological status and clinically with the lymph node status can definitely help in the adjuvant therapies used in OSCC.
Oral potentially malignant disorders have increased propensity to turn malignant than its apparently normal counterparts. Histopathological examination, although gold standard, needs adjunct technique to give accurate diagnosis. Immunohistochemistry has proved to be a promising adjunct to aid in the diagnosis so far. The quest for a definitive marker is still on. Beta-catenin (β-catenin), a structural protein has been evaluated to identify its likely role in malignant transformation of potentially malignant lesions and possibly designate it as one of the identifiable signature molecules in the transformation.

To evaluate and estimate the expression of β-catenin in different grades of dysplasia, oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) and normal mucosa and compare the same.

A total number of 40 cases including different grades of dysplasia, OSMF and normal mucosa were immunohistochemically stained, location and intensity of its expression were evaluated for β-catenin. The results were statistically analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance and Chi-square test.
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