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Four types of Immunoglobulins including IgA, IgE, IgG and IgM were determined at baseline, 30th, 60th and 90th day of trials using their respective protocols. The results of the study indicated that a statistically significant declining trend for IgA, IgE, IgG and IgM was present among the treatment groups (P-value less then 0.05), compared to the control group. The study concluded that provision of iron and prebiotic fortified flour improved the immune function of iron deficient women.The purpose of this research was the development and optimization of mouth dissolving tablets (MDT) of Tizanidine hydrochloride using superdisintegrant. MDTs of Tizanidine (4mg) were manufactured by direct compression method. Formulations comprised of Tizanidine and excipients including croscarmellose sodium, Avicel PH 102, aspartame, orange flavor and magnesium stearate. Blends of powder were assessed for flow characterization and then compressed by direct compression. During post compression stage, a detail evaluation of tablets with respect to weight variation, hardness, thickness, disintegration time, wetting time, friability, drug content analysis, content uniformity, palatability and dissolution studies was carried out. All the formulations complied with the pharmacopeial requirements of weight, disintegration time and assay. Amongst the trial formulations F4 with concentration of croscarmellose sodium i.e. 5% was proved as best optimized due to satisfactory quality attributes such as least disintegration time and sufficient hardness. Hence, it was concluded that manufacturing of mouth dissolving tablets by addition of superdisintegrant is beneficial for treating patients with dysphagia.Cerebrovascular diseases are known as serious public health problem worldwide, which can be addressed more precisely through molecular imaging of non-functional brain cells. CDP-choline is an active cerebrovascular chemotherapeutic agent that can be used for diagnosis of cerebrovascular diseases post radiolabeling with γ-emitter radioisotopes. In this study we developed 99mTc labeled CDP-choline for imaging of cerebrovascular diseases particularly alzheimer, stroke, and parkinson's diseases. The radiosynthesis reaction resulted 97.47±2.34% radiochemical with promising stability, that is, >95% up to 6 h in blood serum. The biodistribution study in healthy mice revealed non-accumulated uptake of radiochemical in key body organs; in brain it was 8.59±1.11% ID/g at 1h post-injection which washed-out leaving behind 0.87±0.61% ID/g at 24 h post-injection. The over-all data revealed the 99mTc-CDP-choline could be a good candidate for further imaging investigations in diseased animal model.Pain is a physiological unpleasant sensation that associated with actual or potential tissue damage and affects the major part of human population. Numerous modulatory system control pain through a complex process. The drugs that regulate the modulators involving in this process are currently available; however, the studies to understand the process and develop new agents are still going on. In this review, it is aimed to relay information about how nicotinic receptors contribute the pain modulation. It is obvious that a wide variety of nicotinic receptors is located in both peripheral and central areas. Among these receptors α7, α4β2 and α9α10 receptor subtypes draw attention in terms of pain modulation. The fact that different receptor subtypes involve in different processes of different pain conditions leads to provide beneficial results from the agonism of α7, α4β2 and antagonism of α9α10. The major restraint of the usage of nAChR agonists is their adverse effects. However, nowadays, the side effects are reduced by the clinical developments. Additionally, positive allosteric modulators that amplify the effectiveness of nAChR ligands are in demand.Gelatin nanoparticles have attracted substantial interest as drug delivery vehicle. The presence of many functional groups in gelatin structure offer several opportunities for cross linking and targeting. However, there has always been constraints in preparation of stable and mono disperse gelatin nanoparticles avoiding aggregation during cross-linking; hence, different approaches have been adopted for preparation of stable nanoparticles from gelatin. This review examines the techniques employed for preparation of gelatin nanoparticles and in particular the advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Further, this review also presents a direction for future research in circumventing the issue of crosslinking in gelatin nanoparticles.Austroyunnane B, a highly oxidized guaianolide-type sesquiterpenoid isolated from the whole plants of Artemisia austro-yunnanensis by our group, revealed significant inhibition against NO production on the model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In this study, its anti-inflammatory effect on some inflammatory cytokines and proteins was further evaluated using the same model. As results, co-treatment with different concentrations (0.39-100μmol /L) of austroyunnane B on LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells displayed reduction of the nitric oxide (NO) generation in a dose dependent manner. It also showed a concentration-dependent inhibition against TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10, and down-regulation of protein expressions of iNOS and COX-2 on that model at the range of 0.625-10μmol/L, suggesting that austroyunnane B can be used as a lead compound for the development of inflammatory drug.Hypertension is considered as a multifactorial disorder in which a numerous of physiological mechanism take part to raise blood pressure The present study is carried out to study the serum and red blood cell electrolytes disturbances in men and women patients of essential hypertension. The samples for analysis were obtained from two hundred four (204) age and sex matched volunteers (51 men and 51 women normotensive, 51 men and 51 women hypertensive). Erythrocytes obtained from blood samples (freshly drawn), washed and processed for the estimation of Na+ and K+ concentrations through flame photometer. Biochemical estimations were done by flame photometery and spectrophotometery. Data were analyzed by Two-way ANOVA followed by Newman-Keuls test. Results show the intra-erythrocyte sodium levels were significantly higher in essential hypertension patients than normotensive healthy controls. Whereas serum concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and intraerythrocyte potassium were significantly smaller in hypertensive patients with respect to normotensive control subjects. Moreover, systolic, diastolic blood pressure and intraerythrocyte sodium were higher while potassium was lower in hypertensive women compared to hypertensive men. From a clinical point of view, an inverse correlation was found between systolic blood pressure values and serum Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the sample of essential hypertensive patients. No sex related differences were observed in serum electrolytes in normal individual and patients of essential hypertension. The results reported here suggest that serum magnesium and its interactions with monovalent cations e.g. sodium, potassium, phosphorus, RBC sodium and RBC potassium and divalent cations like calcium are the main responsible ions for the pathogenesis of hypertension. Intraerythrocyte levels of sodium perform an important role in the greater vulnerability of male sex to develop hypertension.Scorzonera have been confirmed to have potent bioactivity. Scorzonera mackmeliana (Asteraceae), the endemic plant to Lebanon, has not yet been investigated. In the present study, we assessed the antibacterial activity of S. mackmeliana extracts against referenced bacterial strains. Extracts from different parts of the plant were evaluated against Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Escherichia and Pseudomonas species. Phytochemical screening was done by standard biochemical tests and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimal biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) were determined by micro dilution method. selleck compound The extracts possessed mainly alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids and coumarins. Gram-negative bacteria were most sensitive, whose MICs ranged between 48.98 and 341.85 mg/ml. Water stems extract, rich in phenols, was the most active with an MIC of 48.98 mg/ml. MBC was only recorded for water flowers extract, rich in resins, against P. aeruginosa and ethanolic roots extract, rich in terpenoids, against S. epidermidis with values of 160.85 mg/ml and 284.35 mg/ml, respectively. Furthermore, antibiofilm activity showed that the lowest MBEC was 0.1 mg/ml for water stems extract with an eradication ability of 91% (p less then 0.0001). Hence, this study suggests S. mackmeliana as a promising candidate for future investigations to elucidate the major bioactive compound behind the antibacterial and antibiofilm effect.Whey plays an important role in the sports nutrition because of high quality proteins and essential amino acid profile. Nine formulations of sportsman drinks were made using Cheddar, Mozzarella and Paneer whey with normal as well as additional fermentation. The developed sportsman drinks were evaluated for physico-chemical analyses, amino acid profile, viscosity and total plate count along with sensory response during two month storage. Drink having Cheddar whey (T4) with additional fermentation was better in terms of quality and nutrition. Furthermore, amino acid profile considered it a complete and balanced source of essential and non-essential amino acids. Amongst essential amino acids, highest values was recorded for branched chain amino acids like leucine (73.16±3.09) followed by lysine (61.56±0.61) and valine (44.13±1.86)mg/g protein. The dietary significance of sportsman drink can be enhanced through additional fermentation using Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophillus.The current study focused on the development, optimization and pharmaceutical evaluation of a mouth dissolving film of Escitalopram 5mg. The designing and optimization of the formulations have been carried out through Design-Expert ⌖ Ver. 9, using central composite response surface methodology. The software generated six optimized formulations have been fabricated via solvent casting method incorporated with HPMC and PEG 400 as Plasticizer. The developed formulations were assessed for various quality attributes including weight variation, drug-excipients interaction, dryness/ tack test, thickness, percent elongation, swelling index, disintegration, folding endurance, surface pH, content uniformity, assay, moisture uptake, stability, and organoleptic properties. A validated spectrophotometric method has been used to ascertain drug content. The formulations were subjected for stability studies for six months in accordance with ICH accelerated stability studies guidelines. No stability issue has been observed. All the test formulations have shown satisfactory in vitro release of escitalopram whereas most promising results have been exhibited by F5 and F6 formulations. The study concluded that a unique, novel, safe and stable formulation of oral fast dissolving thin films of escitalopram can be formulated with ease. The preparation method was simple and reproducible with scale-up tendency so that it can fulfill the need of the commercial manufacturing process.
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