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Impact involving non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis upon significantly ill people within Korea: any retrospective observational study.
Optimizing the properties of the mosaic nanoscale morphology of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic photovoltaics (OPV) is not only challenging technologically but also intriguing from the mechanistic point of view. Among the recent breakthroughs is the identification and utilization of a three-phase (donor-mixed-acceptor) BHJ, where the (intermediate) mixed phase can inhibit mesoscale morphological changes, such as phase separation. Using a mean-field approach, we reveal and distinguish between generic mechanisms that alter, through transverse instabilities, the evolution of stripes the bending (zigzag mode) and the pinching (cross-roll mode) of the donor-acceptor domains. The results are summarized in a parameter plane spanned by the mixing energy and illumination, and show that donor-acceptor mixtures with higher mixing energy are more likely to develop pinching under charge-flux boundary conditions. The latter is notorious as it leads to the formation of disconnected domains and hence to loss of charge flux. We believe that these results provide a qualitative road map for BHJ optimization, using mixed-phase composition and, therefore, an essential step toward long-lasting OPV. More broadly, the results are also of relevance to study the coexistence of multiple-phase domains in material science, such as in ion-intercalated rechargeable batteries.The diffusion approximation (DA) is widely used in the analysis of stochastic population dynamics, from population genetics to ecology and evolution. The DA is an uncontrolled approximation that assumes the smoothness of the calculated quantity over the relevant state space and fails when this property is not satisfied. This failure becomes severe in situations where the direction of selection switches sign. Here we employ the WKB (Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin) large-deviations method, which requires only the logarithm of a given quantity to be smooth over its state space. Combining the WKB scheme with asymptotic matching techniques, we show how to derive the diffusion approximation in a controlled manner and how to produce better approximations, applicable for much wider regimes of parameters. We also introduce a scalable (independent of population size) WKB-based numerical technique. The method is applied to a central problem in population genetics and evolution, finding the chance of ultimate fixation in a zero-sum, two-types competition.Like genes and proteins, cells can use biochemical networks to sense and process information. The differentiation of the cell state in colonic crypts forms a typical unidirectional phenotypic transitional cascade, in which stem cells differentiate into the transit-amplifying cells (TACs), and TACs continue to differentiate into fully differentiated cells. In order to quantitatively describe the relationship between the noise of each compartment and the amplification of signals, the gain factor is introduced, and the gain-fluctuation relation is obtained by using the linear noise approximation of the master equation. Through the simulation of these theoretical formulas, the characters of noise propagation and amplification are studied. It is found that the transmitted noise is an important part of the total noise in each downstream cell. Therefore, a small number of downstream cells can only cause its small inherent noise, but the total noise may be very large due to the transmitted noise. The influence of the transmitted noise may be the indirect cause of colon cancer. In addition, the total noise of the downstream cells always has a minimum value. As long as a reasonable value of the gain factor is selected, the number of cells in colonic crypts will be controlled within the normal range. This may be a good method to intervene the uncontrollable growth of tumor cells and effectively control the deterioration of colon cancer.A general theory of liquid crystals is presented, starting from the group-theory symmetry analysis of the constituting molecules. A particular attention is paid to the type of elastic free-energies and their relationships with the molecular symmetries. The orientational order-parameter tensors are identified for each molecular symmetry, in a consideration of consistently keeping the leading, characteristic elastic free energies in a model. The order parameters are expressed in terms of symmetric traceless tensors, some of high orders, for all major molecular symmetries, including seven groups of axial symmetries and seven groups of polyhedral symmetries. For spatially inhomogeneous liquid crystals, the couplings of these tensors in the elastic energies are derived by expanding the interaction energies between these molecules. The aim is to provide a general view of the molecular symmetries of individual molecules, orientational order parameters characterizing the orientational distribution functions, and the elastic free energies, all under one single group-theory approach.We study the off-diagonal matrix elements of observables that break the translational symmetry of a spin-chain Hamiltonian, and as such connect energy eigenstates from different total quasimomentum sectors. We consider quantum-chaotic and interacting integrable points of the Hamiltonian, and focus on average energies at the center of the spectrum. In the quantum-chaotic model, we find that there is eigenstate thermalization; specifically, the matrix elements are Gaussian distributed with a variance that is a smooth function of ω=E_α-E_β (E_α are the eigenenergies) and scales as 1/D (D is the Hilbert space dimension). In the interacting integrable model, we find that the matrix elements exhibit a skewed log-normal-like distribution and have a variance that is also a smooth function of ω that scales as 1/D. click here We study in detail the low-frequency behavior of the variance of the matrix elements to unveil the regimes in which it exhibits diffusive or ballistic scaling. We show that in the quantum-chaotic model the behavior of the variance is qualitatively similar for matrix elements that connect eigenstates from the same versus different quasimomentum sectors. We also show that this is not the case in the interacting integrable model for observables whose translationally invariant counterpart does not break integrability if added as a perturbation to the Hamiltonian.Using the phase field crystal model (PFC model), an analysis of slow and fast dynamics of solid-liquid interfaces in solidification and melting processes is presented. Dynamical regimes for cubic lattices invading metastable liquids (solidification) and liquids propagating into metastable crystals (melting) are described in terms of the evolving amplitudes of the density field. Dynamical equations are obtained for body-centered cubic (bcc) and face-centered cubic (fcc) crystal lattices in one- and two-mode approximations. A universal form of the amplitude equations is obtained for the three-dimensional dynamics for different crystal lattices and crystallographic directions. Dynamics of the amplitude's propagation for different lattices and PFC mode's approximations is qualitatively compared. The traveling-wave velocity is quantitatively compared with data of molecular dynamics simulation previously obtained by Mendelev et al. [Modell. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 18, 074002 (2010)MSMEEU0965-039310.1088/0965-0393/18/7/074002] for solidification and melting of the aluminum fcc lattice.The present paper considers the time evolution of a charged test particle of mass m in a constant temperature heat bath of a second charged particle of mass M. The time dependence of the distribution function of the test particles is given by a Fokker-Planck equation with a diffusion coefficient for Coulomb collisions as well as a diffusion coefficient for wave-particle interactions. For the mass ratio m/M→0, the steady distribution is a Kappa distribution which has been employed in space physics to fit observed particle energy spectra. The time dependence of the distribution functions with some initial value is expressed in terms of the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the linear Fokker-Planck operator and also interpreted with the transformation to a Schrödinger equation. We also consider the explicit time dependence of the distribution function with a discretization of the Fokker-Planck equation. We study the stability of the Kappa distribution to Coulomb collisions.Heterogeneous diffusion processes (HDPs) with space-dependent diffusion coefficients D(x) are found in a number of real-world systems, such as for diffusion of macromolecules or submicron tracers in biological cells. Here, we examine HDPs in quenched-disorder systems with Gaussian colored noise (GCN) characterized by a diffusion coefficient with a power-law dependence on the particle position and with a spatially random scaling exponent. Typically, D(x) is considered to be centerd at the origin and the entire x axis is characterized by a single scaling exponent α. In this work we consider a spatially random scenario in periodic intervals ("layers") in space D(x) is centerd to the midpoint of each interval. In each interval the scaling exponent α is randomly chosen from a Gaussian distribution. The effects of the variation of the scaling exponents, the periodicity of the domains ("layer thickness") of the diffusion coefficient in this stratified system, and the correlation time of the GCN are analyzed numerically in detail. We discuss the regimes of superdiffusion, subdiffusion, and normal diffusion realisable in this system. We observe and quantify the domains where nonergodic and non-Gaussian behaviors emerge in this system. Our results provide new insights into the understanding of weak ergodicity breaking for HDPs driven by colored noise, with potential applications in quenched layered systems, typical model systems for diffusion in biological cells and tissues, as well as for diffusion in geophysical systems.During the past few years, researchers have been proposing time-dependent injection strategies for stabilizing or manipulating the development of viscous fingering instabilities in radial Hele-Shaw cells. Most of these studies investigate the displacement of Newtonian fluids and are entirely based on linear stability analyses. In this work, linear stability theory and variational calculus are used to determine closed-form expressions for the proper time-dependent injection rates Q(t) required to either minimize the interface disturbances or to control the number of emerging fingers. However, this is done by considering that the displacing fluid is non-Newtonian and has a time-varying viscosity. Moreover, a perturbative third-order mode-coupling approach is employed to examine the validity and effectiveness of the controlling protocols dictated by these Q(t) beyond the linear regime and at the onset of nonlinearities.The persistence exponent θ, which characterizes the long-time decay of the survival probability of stochastic processes in the presence of an absorbing target, plays a key role in quantifying the dynamics of fluctuating systems. So far, anomalous values of the persistence exponent (θ≠1/2) were obtained, but only for anomalous processes (i.e., with Hurst exponent H≠1/2). Here we exhibit examples of ageing processes which, even if they display asymptotically a normal diffusive scaling (H=1/2), are characterized by anomalous persistent exponents that we determine analytically. Based on this analysis, we propose the following general criterion The persistence exponent of asymptotically diffusive processes is anomalous if the increments display ageing and depend on the observation time T at all timescales.
Here's my website: https://www.selleckchem.com/