Notes

Respiratory Fibrosis Is Improved simply by Extracellular Vesicles via IFNγ-Primed Mesenchymal Stromal Tissue in Murine Systemic Sclerosis.
02 (SE = 0.275) in moderate AD. Nobiletin Post-hoc comparisons showed a significant difference between MCI and HP (p < 0.001). The follow-up was completed by 178 MCI individuals. SPD in MCI patients who progress to dementia was significantly lower than in MCI that will not progress (p = 0.003). Together with the Mini-Mental State Examination, the SPD was the only measure with a significant predicting effect at the five-years follow-up (p = 0.016).

The SPD indicates the impairment of semantic memory in individuals with underlying AD at the MCI early stage, reflecting the early involvement of perirhinal and entorhinal cortices in the earliest stages of AD neuropathological process.
The SPD indicates the impairment of semantic memory in individuals with underlying AD at the MCI early stage, reflecting the early involvement of perirhinal and entorhinal cortices in the earliest stages of AD neuropathological process.
Abnormal hyperphosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein tau plays a pivotal role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We previously found that O-GlcNAcylation inversely correlates to hyperphosphorylation of tau in AD brain, and downregulation of brain O-GlcNAcylation promotes tau hyperphosphorylation and AD-like neurodegeneration in mice.

Herein we investigated the effect of increasing O-GlcNAcylation by using intermittent dosing with low doses of a potent novel O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitor on AD-like brain changes and cognitive function in a mouse model of sporadic AD (sAD) induced by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of streptozotocin (STZ).

STZ was injected into the lateral ventricle of C57BL/6J mice. From the second day, Thiamme2-G (TM2G) or saline, as a vehicle control, was orally administered to the ICV-STZ mice three times per week for five weeks. A separate group of ICV-saline mice treated with saline was used as a baseline control. Behavioral tests, including open field and novel object recognition, were conducted three weeks after the first dose of the TM2G or saline. Protein O-GlcNAcylation, tau hyperphosphorylation, synaptic proteins, and neuroinflammation in the mouse brain were assessed by western blotting.

ICV-STZ caused decreased protein O-GlcNAcylation. Enhancement of O-GlcNAcylation to moderate levels by using low-dose OGA inhibitor in ICV-STZ mice prevented STZ-induced body weight loss, rescued cognitive impairments, and restored AD-like pathologies, including hyperphosphorylation of tau and abnormalities in synaptic proteins and neuroinflammation.

These findings suggest that moderately increasing protein O-GlcNAcylation by using low doses of OGA inhibitor may be a suitable therapeutic strategy for sAD.
These findings suggest that moderately increasing protein O-GlcNAcylation by using low doses of OGA inhibitor may be a suitable therapeutic strategy for sAD.
Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) is the most common preclinical stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD). A strategy to reduce the impact of AD is the early aMCI diagnosis and clinical intervention. Neuroimaging, neurobiological, and genetic markers have proved to be sensitive and specific for the early diagnosis of AD. However, the high cost of these procedures is prohibitive in low-income and middle-income countries (LIMCs). The neuropsychological assessments currently aim to identify cognitive markers that could contribute to the early diagnosis of dementia.

Compare machine learning (ML) architectures classifying and predicting aMCI and asset the contribution of cognitive measures including binding function in distinction and prediction of aMCI.

We conducted a two-year follow-up assessment of a sample of 154 subjects with a comprehensive multidomain neuropsychological battery. Statistical analysis was proposed using complete ML architectures to compare subjects' performance to classify and predict . link2 Further studies with ML must identify cognitive performance that differentiates conversion from average MCI to the pathological MCI observed in AD.
Epidemiological studies have shown that dairy product consumption is beneficial for cognitive function in elderly individuals. β-lactolin is a Gly-Thr-Trp-Tyr lacto-tetrapeptide rich in fermented dairy products that improves memory retrieval, attention, and executive function in older adults with subjective cognitive decline and prevents the pathology of Alzheimer's disease in rodents. There has been no study on the effects of β-lactolin on neural activity in humans.

We investigated the effects of β-lactolin on neural activity and cognitive function in healthy adults.

In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 30 participants (45-64 years old) consumed β-lactolin or placebo for 6 weeks. Neural activity during auditory and language tasks was measured through 64-channel electroencephalography. Moreover, verbal fluency tests were performed at baseline and after 6 weeks.

The β-lactolin group had a significantly higher P300 amplitude at the Cp2 site (a part of the parietal lobe near the center of brain, p = 0.011), and C4 site (the area between the frontal and parietal lobe, p = 0.02) during the auditory tasks after 6 weeks than the placebo group. Thus, β-lactolin supplementation promoted neural activity in the parietal area, which increases concentration and attention during auditory cognitive tasks. Compared with the placebo group, the β-lactolin group also showed significant changes in the scores of verbal fluency test after 6 weeks (p = 0.033).

Our findings provide insight into the mechanisms underlying the effects of β-lactolin on attention in healthy adults.
Our findings provide insight into the mechanisms underlying the effects of β-lactolin on attention in healthy adults.
Very few studies have explored the utility of subjective cognitive complaints (SCCs) in primary care settings.

We aim to investigate associations between SCCs (item-level), objective cognitive function (across domains and global), and mood in a diverse primary care population, including subjects with mild cognitive impairment.

We studied 199 (75.9%females; 57.8%Hispanics; 42.2%African Americans) older adults (mean age 72.5 years) with memory concerns at a primary care clinic. A five-item SCC questionnaire, and objective cognitive assessments, including the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the Geriatric Depression Scale, were administered.

Logistic regression analyses showed associations between SCC score and depressive symptoms. A memory-specific ("memory worsening") SCC predicted scores on the MoCA (p = 0.005) in Hispanics.

SCCs are strongly linked to depressive symptoms in African Americans and Hispanics in a primary care setting; a specific type of SCC is related to global cognitive function in Hispanics.
SCCs are strongly linked to depressive symptoms in African Americans and Hispanics in a primary care setting; a specific type of SCC is related to global cognitive function in Hispanics.
Anemia and red cell distribution width (RDW) have been linked to poor cognitive performance, pending studies of underlying mechanisms.

We examined cross-sectional relationships of initial RDW status (v1), RDW change (δ), and anemia with brain structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) markers, including global and cortical brain and hippocampal and white matter lesion (WML) volumes, 5-6 years later.

Data were used from three prospective visits within the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity Across the Life Span (HANDLS) study with complete v1 (2004-2009) and v2 (2009-2013) exposures and ancillary sMRI data at vscan (2011-2015, n = 213, mean v1 to vscan time 5.7 years). Multivariable-adjusted linear regression models were conducted, overall, by sex, by race, and within non-anemics, correcting for multiple testing with q-values.

In minimally adjusted models (socio-demographics and follow-up time), anemiav1 and RDWv1 were consistently associated with smaller bilateral hippocampal volumes overall linked to smaller regional gray and white matter volumes. Pending studies with sMRI repeats, randomized controlled trials are needed, demonstrating associations of anemia and elevated RDW with reduced brain volumes and cognitive dysfunction.
Lipid alterations contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Lipidomics studies could help systematically characterize such alterations and identify potential biomarkers.

To identify lipids associated with mild cognitive impairment and amyloid-β deposition, and to examine lipid correlation patterns within phenotype groupsMethodsEighty plasma lipids were measured using mass spectrometry for 1,255 non-demented participants enrolled in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging. Individual lipids associated with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) were first identified. Correlation network analysis was then performed to identify lipid species with stable correlations across conditions. Finally, differential correlation network analysis was used to determine lipids with altered correlations between phenotype groups, specifically cognitively unimpaired versus MCI, and with elevated brain amyloid versus without.

Seven lipids were associated with MCI after adjustment for age, sex, and APOE4. Lipid correlation networ correlations in our study.
Delirium is associated with an increased risk of incident dementia and accelerated progression of existing cognitive symptoms. Reciprocally, dementia increases the risk of delirium. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentration of the dendritic protein neurogranin has been shown to increase in early Alzheimer's disease (AD), likely reflecting synaptic dysfunction and/or degeneration.

To elucidate the involvement of synaptic dysfunction in delirium pathophysiology, we tested the association between CSF neurogranin concentration and delirium in hip fracture patients with different AD-biomarker profiles, while comparing them to cognitively unimpaired older adults (CUA) and AD patients.

The cohort included hip fracture patients with (n = 70) and without delirium (n = 58), CUA undergoing elective surgery (n = 127), and AD patients (n = 46). CSF was collected preoperatively and diagnostically in surgery and AD patients respectively. CSF neurogranin concentrations were analyzed in all samples with an in-house ELISA.e synaptic degeneration is not an important pathophysiological process in delirium.
In older people with cognitive impairment (CI), executive function (EF) has been associated with motor performance including balance and gait. The literature examining and supporting a relationship between balance performance and other cognitive domains is limited.

To investigate the relationship between global cognition and cognitive domain function and balance performance in older people with CI.

The iFOCIS randomized controlled trial recruited 309 community-dwelling older people with CI. Baseline assessments completed before randomization were used for analyses including the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-III (ACE-III; global cognition) and its individual cognitive domains (attention; memory; verbal fluency; language; visuospatial ability) and the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB), a measure of EF. link3 A composite balance score was derived from postural sway and leaning balance tests.

In linear regression analyses adjusted for covariates, global cognition and each cognitive domain were significantly associated with balance performance.
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