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CONCLUSION A heuristic interpretation of the TA within a physiotherapy context is offered. The TA is a dynamic construct within the clinical encounter and is influenced reciprocally between the person seeking care and the physiotherapist by biological, social and psychological contributing factors. 'Communication' may act as a catalyst in operationalising the TA in a physiotherapy context. Continued efforts are needed in physiotherapy education and training in both enhancing theoretical awareness of the role of the TA within physiotherapy practice, as well as guidance on its implementation in clinical practice. BACKGROUND Midfoot joint impairment is likely following lateral ankle sprain (LAS) that may benefit from mobilization. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of midfoot joint mobilizations and a one-week home exercise program (HEP) compared to a sham intervention and HEP on pain, patient-reported outcomes (PROs), ankle-foot joint mobility, and neuromotor function in young adults with recent LAS. METHODS All participants were instructed in a stretching, strengthening, and balance HEP and were randomized a priori to receive midfoot joint mobilizations (forefoot supination, cuboid glide and plantar 1st tarsometatarsal) or a sham laying-of-hands. Changes in pain, physical, psychological, and functional PROs, foot morphology, joint mobility, pain-to-palpation, neuromotor function, and dynamic balance were assessed pre-to-post treatment and one-week following. Participants crossed-over following a one-week washout to receive the alternate treatment and were assessed pre-to-post treatment and one-week following. ANOVAs, t-tests, proportions, and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to assess changes in outcomes. Cohen's d and 95% CI compared treatment effects at each time-point. RESULTS Midfoot joint mobilization had greater effects (p less then .05) in reducing pain 1-week post (d = 0.8), and increasing Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (immediate d = 0.6) and Global Rating of Change (immediate d = 0.6) compared to a sham treatment and HEP. CONCLUSION Midfoot joint mobilizations and HEP yielded greater pain reduction and perceived improvement compared to sham and is recommended in a comprehensive rehabilitation program following LAS. Published by Elsevier Ltd.BACKGROUND Lateral ankle sprain results in positional faults in the fibula which are thought to limit accessory motion in the ankle, leading to hypomobility and negatively influencing sensorimotor function and postural control. Although it has been shown that fibular reposition taping (FRT) is effective in the prevention of recurrent lateral ankle sprain, its ability to produce significant changes in balance measures in patients with chronic ankle instability is inconclusive. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine whether a FRT intervention affects balance performance in patients with chronic ankle instability. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. METHODS Sixty individuals with chronic ankle instability were randomly allocated to three groups FRT, sham taping, or no intervention (control group). Kinesiotape was applied and then re-applied on 3 occasions per week for 2 weeks. Static and dynamic balance were measured with three functional tests before and 1 day after the last session of intervention with the tape removed single-leg stance test, single-leg hop test for distance, and modified Star Excursion Balance Test (mSEBT). RESULTS The results of ANCOVA showed that there were no significant differences between the three groups except for mSEBT reach distance in the posterolateral direction, which was significantly greater in the FRT group than the control group (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION Applying FRT for 2 weeks did not significantly affect static or dynamic balance measures in individuals with chronic ankle instability, hence its clinical efficacy to influence balance remains uncertain in this population. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER IRCT20171122037576N2. BACKGROUND low back pain (LBP) is the main cause of years lived with disability worldwide. Psychosocial factors have been shown to be good predictors of persistent LBP. Within these, unhelpful beliefs about the back seem to be important in the development and chronicity of the symptoms. The Back Pain Attitudes Questionnaire (Back-PAQ) is an instrument that explores beliefs about the back that has been validated for people with and without back pain and healthcare professionals. However, until now, it has not been translated and validated for the Argentine population. OBJECTIVE translate into Spanish, cross-cultural adapt and validate the Back-PAQ for the Argentine population with and without back pain. STUDY DESIGN study of diagnostic accuracy/assessment scale. METHODS the study was carried out in three consecutive phases translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation. We included Argentinians aged 18 years or more. We used the Back-PAQ, modified Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (mFABQ) and the Global Rating of Change (GROC) scale to assess the psychometric properties. RESULTS three hundred and seventy-two participants were included for the analysis. The time taken to answer and score the questionnaire was 5.6 and 1.6 min, respectively. Neither a ceiling nor a floor effect was observed. Internal consistency was 0.76. One hundred and eighty-six participants were considered stable. Test-retest reliability was 0.90. A weak correlation (0.33) was found between the Back-PAQ and the mFABQ. CONCLUSION the Argentine version of the Back-PAQ is a viable, reliable and valid tool for the assessment of the back beliefs of the Argentine population. BACKGROUND Motor vehicle accidents (MVA) are the most common causes of whiplash injuries. Difficulties with driving and changes in driving behavior are reported by subjects with chronic whiplash associated disorders (WAD). Proper eye and head coordination is required for driving tasks. Disturbances of eye and head coordination were found in these subjects with chronic WAD. OBJECTIVES The objective of this pilot study is to evaluate eye, head and trunk coordination in subjects with chronic WAD due to MVA and healthy controls during a target-tracking task using a functionally oriented approach in the context of driving. DESIGN Cross-sectional. METHOD The subjects performed target tracking tasks that reproduced eye and head movements required while driving. Head and trunk motion was captured using a motion capture system and eye movement was captured with an eye-tracker. Response time, time to target, and eye, head, and trunk contribution of movement were measured. RESULTS/FINDINGS Subjects with chronic WAD presented delayed response time and time to reach the targets with both eyes and head compared to the control group, and tended to compensate the lack of neck motion with increased eye motion. CONCLUSIONS This study shows indications of impairments of eye and head coordination in chronic WAD due to MVA when compared to healthy subjects. These alterations may have implications for driving safety. BACKGROUND The Shoulder Disability Questionnaire (SDQ) demonstrated promising psychometric properties, but currently there is no evidence of an Italian version. OBJECTIVE To cross-culturally adapt the Italian version of the SDQ (SDQ-I) and to explore its psychometric properties in patients with non-specific shoulder pain (SP). METHODS The SDQ-I was translated according to international guidelines and administered to 105 patients with SP. The SDQ-I scores were compared with Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand Questionnaire (DASH), Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), and 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Structural validity (Exploratory Factor Analysis [EFA]), internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), test-retest reliability (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient [ICC]), measurement error (Standard Error of the Measurement [SEM], Minimal Detectable Change [MDC]), and construct validity (hypothesis testing with correlation of the DASH, NPRS, and SF-36) were explored. RESULTS The EFA identified two subscales (activity and participation-psychosocial factors). The internal consistency was supported for activity (α = 0.78), but not for participation-psychosocial subscales (α = 0.45). Both subscales demonstrated high test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.97 [95%CI = 0.96-0.98] and ICC = 0.95 [95%CI = 0.93-0.97]), a SEM of 5.8% and 7.0%, and a MDC of 15% and 19% for the first and second subscale, respectively. Construct validity was satisfactory, as >75% of the expected correlations were met for each subscale. CONCLUSIONS The SDQ-I was successfully cross-cultural adapted into Italian and proved to be valid for patients with non-specific SP, but its reliability should be further assessed, as internal consistency of the participation-psychosocial subscale showed some psychometric flaws. Further research is needed to refine the instrument. BACKGROUND It is difficult to evaluate the transversus abdominis (TrA) and internal oblique (IO) due to their dual role in both trunk control and breathing. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether TrA and IO thickness as measured by ultrasound differs across the respiratory cycle in upright standing. DESIGN Observational study. METHODS Thickness of TrA and IO was measured with ultrasound in 67 subjects in upright standing. Measures were performed 3 times and by 2 assessors, at the end of relaxed expiration, at the end of a full inspiration, and at the end of full expiration. Differences were assessed by ANOVA. Intra- and inter-rater reliability (of a single measure and the average of 3 measures) were assessed by intra-class correlation (ICC). RESULTS Thickness of the TrA and IO was higher at full expiration than at the end of relaxed expiration (p less then 0.001), and in turn compared to at full inspiration (p less then 0.001). Intra-rater reliability was excellent at all respiratory phases (ICC 0.76-0.87). Whereas inter-rater reliability for a single measure was only fair to good for TrA (ICC 0.52-0.71) and good to excellent for IO (ICC 0.61-0.78), the inter-rater reliability of the average was excellent at all respiratory phases (ICC 0.75-0.90). CONCLUSIONS Thickness of TrA and IO increases when lung volume decreases. The intra- and inter-rater reliability of an average measure were excellent at the end of relaxed expiration, full inspiration and full expiration. This provides new opportunities to evaluate the deep abdominal muscles, and their role in respiration, in a physiotherapeutic setting. HDAC inhibitor BACKGROUND Placental perfusion can be evaluated by 3D power Doppler ultrasound (3D PD-US), particularly using the validated tool 3D Fractional Moving Blood Volume (3D-FMBV); however regional variability and size limitations beyond the first trimester mean that multiple 3D PD-US volumes are required to evaluate the whole organ. PURPOSE We assessed the feasibility of manual offline stitching of second trimester 3D PD-US volumes of the placenta to assess whole organ perfusion using 3D-FMBV. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a single-centre, prospective, observational cohort study of 36 normal second trimester singleton pregnancies with anterior placentas. 3D PD-US placental volumes were manually segmented offline and stitched together by rigid registration using manually selected, pair-wise coordinates. Data acquisition and offline volume segmentation and stitching were triplicated by a single observer with Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and Hausdorff distance used to assess consistency. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess intra-observer repeatability of 3D-FMBV and placental volume.
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