Notes

Spectroscopic molecular-fingerprint profiling of spittle.
4%) participants were concerned about being exposed to COVID-19 at work and 112 (74.2 %) thought they have inadequate protective equipment for safety.

During COVID-19 pandemic, doctors exhibited different grades of anxiety. In order for healthcare workers to perform to the best of their capability, certain guidelines and interventions are needed.
During COVID-19 pandemic, doctors exhibited different grades of anxiety. In order for healthcare workers to perform to the best of their capability, certain guidelines and interventions are needed.
We aimed to investigate the knowledge of medical students about COVID-19, the effects of the traumatic situation they experienced, the stress they perceived and the factors affecting them. In addition, we aimed to learn the thoughts of the students about the virus due to the uncertainties.

The study was carried out online between April 30, May 5, 2020 with a questionnaire prepared with googleforms. For the study, all students studying at the Faculty of Medicine of Istanbul Yeni Yüzyıl University were called through class representatives and WhatsApp class groups. The questionnaire included sociodemographic information, knowledge and sources of information about the disease, to agreement degree the proposition whether covid 19 is produced as a biological weapon. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R) were applied.

The total number of participants was 275 students. No student was infected with COVID-19 at the time of the survey. The presence of chronic disease in the p scores obtained from the pre-clinic students' anxiety to become infected with COVID-19, PSS and IES-R total scores were found to be significantly higher than their clinical students.
In 2004 Pakistan escalated from 'low-prevalence' to 'concentrated' phase of HIV epidemic. Despite global decline in HIV incidence since 1997, rate of HIV infections in Pakistan is persistently rising since 1990. Available literature focusses on key populations or localized outbreaks limited by short study duration and regional applicability of results. We studied HIV seroconversion trends over a period of 8 years in a geographically diverse population and evaluated associated risk factors.

A desk review of HIV surveillance data from 2010 to 2017 was carried out at Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. A case was defined as any adult employed in organization 'X', initially screened for HIV but later seroconverted on ELISA and western blot. Case-control study was conducted on cases diagnosed in 2017. Age and sex matched controls were identified from same population sub-group. Structured telephonic interviews were conducted and statistical analysis done at 5% margin of error.

The annual HIV diagnosis rate remained relatively stable till 2015 (< 40 /100,000/yr) after which it rose sharply to 60/100,000/yr in 2016 .Upward trend continued in 2017 to reach 125/100,000/yr (>200% increase from baseline). Acquisition of HIV was significantly associated with commercial sex activities (OR=9; 95% CI 1.25-395).

HIV seroconversion rates among employees of organization X have increased significantly in the past two years. Unlike HIV outbreaks previously reported from Pakistan, sexual route seems to be the predominant mode of transmission. Focus is mandated on prevention of sexual transmission of HIV at national level as well for all vulnerable populations.
HIV seroconversion rates among employees of organization X have increased significantly in the past two years. Unlike HIV outbreaks previously reported from Pakistan, sexual route seems to be the predominant mode of transmission. Focus is mandated on prevention of sexual transmission of HIV at national level as well for all vulnerable populations.
To determine risk factors for peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in elderly patients with Type-2 diabetes mellitus.

The elderly patients with Type-2 diabetes treated in the Central Hospital of Cangzhou were enrolled and divided into PAD group and non-PAD group between October 2016 and November 2019, The data of the patients including age, gender, body mass index, blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglyceride, white cell count, lymphocyte count, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, uric acid as well as living habits and complications of Type-2 diabetes mellitus were recorded to determine the risk factors for PAD.

One thousand four hundred seventy six (1476) patients were enrolled, in which 465 patients were included in group of PAD, and 1011 in non-PAD group. selleck The univariate analysis revealed that the two groups significantly differed in age (p=0.003), course of T2DM (p=0.001), hypertension (p=0.006), smoking habits (p<0.001), hyperuricemia (p<0.01), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (p<0.01), white cell count (p<0.001), lymphocyte count (p<0.001) and diabetic neuropathy (p<0.001). In the multivariate analysis, age (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.21-1.89), smoking habit (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.19-1.68), hypertension (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.15-1.98), diabetic neuropathy (OR 3.55, 95% CI 2.14-4.29), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.39-2.61) and hyperuricemia (OR 2.71, 95% CI 1.66-3.87) were significant risk factors for PAD.

Age, smoking habit, hypertension, diabetic neuropathy, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and hyperuricemia were independent risk factors for peripheral arterial disease in elderly patients with Type-2 diabetes mellitus.
Age, smoking habit, hypertension, diabetic neuropathy, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and hyperuricemia were independent risk factors for peripheral arterial disease in elderly patients with Type-2 diabetes mellitus.
This study was aimed to determine the predictive value of HbA1c in detecting dyslipidemia in patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus.

A total of 142 consecutive patients of Type-2 diabetes mellitus were recruited in this study after informed consent. The study was conducted for 6 months from January 2019 - June 2019 in Creek General Hospital, Korangi, Creek, Karachi. Demographic data and detailed history was taken. A complete systemic examination was done for any complications or co-morbids present and related investigations were performed including Fasting lipid profile (CHO, TG's, HDL, LDL, CHO/HDL), serum HbA1c, Creatinine and ECG. Data is analyzed on SPSS 16 for mean, frequencies and correlations. Pearsons Chi square test is used for analyses of Correlation.

In a total of 142 Type-2 diabetic patients 39(27.5%) were Males and 103(72.5%) were females with a male to female ratio of 1 2.6. Mean age was 54.9yrs ± 10.7SD. Mean duration of diabetes was 7.37yrs ±5.64 SD years. Mean BMI is 26.8 ± 3.67kg/m2. 27(19.01%) patients had HbA1c ≤ 7% whereas 115(80.9%) had >7%. 81(57.04%) patients had dyslipidemia. HbA1c exhibited direct correlations with BMI, cholesterol, TG's and LDL and inverse correlation with HDL with significant P value of <.05. TG's were found significantly higher in females when compared with male patients. In addition, Metabolic syndrome also showed a strong correlation with increasing HbA1c levels especially in female gender (P0.001).

The results of our study indicates that HbA1c can be used not only as a useful biomarker of long-term glycaemic control but also a good predictor of lipid profile.
The results of our study indicates that HbA1c can be used not only as a useful biomarker of long-term glycaemic control but also a good predictor of lipid profile.
To evaluate the efficacy of atorvastatin combined with febuxostat in the treatment of gout patients with carotid atherosclerosis and to observe the effects on serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, carotid plaques, and the adverse reactions.

Seventy patients with gout and carotid atherosclerosis admitted to Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University from January 2014 to June 2017 were randomly divided into a treatment group and a control group. The treatment group received oral febuxostat 40 mg/day combined with atorvastatin 40 mg/day. The control group was given 40 mg/day febuxostat combined with 20 mg/day atorvastatin for 90 days. The effects of treatment on TNF-α, IL-1β, and CRP levels and carotid plaques of the patients were observed.

After 90 days of treatment, serum TNF-α, IL-1β, and CRP levels, as well as HUA and total cholesterol (TC), decreased in both groups after treatment. There were significant differences observed (p < 0.05). The carotid artery plaques in the two groups were significantly smaller after treatment (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in adverse reactions between the two groups (P > 0.05).

Double doses of atorvastatin combined with febuxostat can effectively reduce uric acid to improve the inflammatory state in patients and reduce carotid plaques without increasing the incidence of adverse reactions.
Double doses of atorvastatin combined with febuxostat can effectively reduce uric acid to improve the inflammatory state in patients and reduce carotid plaques without increasing the incidence of adverse reactions.
Since the first definition of anal canal little has been discovered about the etiology of this rare condition. We present four asymptomatic cases of anal canal duplication with diverse clinical and surgical findings.

A retrospective chart review was performed on four infants presenting with asymptomatic anal canal duplication, born between 2014 and 2016. Clinical characteristics and pathologic findings of patients either by radiological imaging or pathology were evaluated. The primary outcome measure was the complications.

All patients were followed-up with physical examination and ultrasound for a mean of 3.5±1.0 years, lastly seen at the beginning of 2018. The female to male ratio was 31. Duplicate anal canal length varied between 12-20mm, and two of the four patients had a presacral cystic mass confirmed as a tail gut cyst following surgery. At follow-up, none of the patients had developed symptoms related to anal canal duplication, regardless of whether they had surgical intervention.

Though surgical management is the preferred treatment for anal canal duplication, it seems that patients who do not undergo surgery might remain free of symptoms, suggesting that surgical intervention may be unnecessary.
Though surgical management is the preferred treatment for anal canal duplication, it seems that patients who do not undergo surgery might remain free of symptoms, suggesting that surgical intervention may be unnecessary.
To determine the association of serum osteoprotegerin (OPG) with the severity of chronic liver disease in female patients.

This case-control study was conducted in Madina Teaching Hospital from 2019-2020.An institutional review board of University Medical and Dental College, The University of Faisalabad gave the approval to conduct the study. Only female patients of age group 40 to 60 years having CLD were included in this study. Total 80 participants were enrolled after fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Serum OPG levels were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) supplied by ELAB Sciences, USA. The severity of disease was assessed by Child-Pugh classification.

OPG levels were significantly different between the three Child-Pugh classes. OPG levels were significantly high in class C indicating increased level of this cytokine in CLD as compared to class A (
= <0.05). There was a positive association of OPG with splenomegaly (OR = 2.10,
= <0.001), hepatomegaly (OR = 4.
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