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Despite the continuous development of diagnosis and treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease and the arrival of new therapeutic options in recent years the treatment and care of people with Parkinson's disease especially in the advanced stage remains a major challenge for neurologists specialized in movement disorders. The treatment of Parkinson's disease is adversely affected by several factors the disease progresses relentlessly, the symptoms and rate of progression, other concomitant non-motor symptoms, and the appearance of complications caused by treatment show great heterogeneity. Based on all these factors it is difficult to develop and apply a uniform routine therapeutic guideline. This summary seeks to shed light on aspects of the treatment of Parkinson's disease particularly in advanced-stage cases drawing on data from a professional college recommendation and the literature.According to the basic assumption of pain research, the activity of pain matrix shows an increase in functional neuroimaging studies during nociceptive stimulation whose extent is correlated with the intensity of the stimulus and that of the emerged experience of pain. Research conducted over the past decade has questioned this assumption. In order to understand the controversial findings I have reviewed new results of pain research. In order to get to know more about "hardware", I reviewed the direct relationships between members of the pain network. With a view to understand the mechanism of the development of pain perception, the "software", I give a brief description of the functioning of the salient as well as attention and executive control network. To have a better understanding of "hardware", I examined the behavior of the pain network of patients incapable of feeling pain in aversive situations. In the review I introduced the thought-provoking knowledge of the pain for all experts, regardless of this specialty by presenting the results of pain research.Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a promising brain stimulation tool which is non-invasive, easy to use and relatively cheap. Since it can change brain activity in a temporal manner, it can contribute to both clinical practice and neuroscientific research. However, the effectiveness of tDCS has been questioned considering the lack of full understanding of its mechanism of action and the seemingly contradictory results. In this review, we aim to provide a summary of potential problems and possible solutions. Our main focus is on the inter-individual differences in the effect of tDCS which can explain the noisy data, thus, controlling for them is important in order to show reliable results. This review is hoped to contribute to maximizing the potential of tDCS by helping future researchers to design replicable studies.
Somatic symptoms without a clear-cut organic or biomedical background, also called "medically unexplained" or "somatoform" symptoms, are frequent in primary and secondary health care. They are often accompanied by depression and/or anxiety, and cause functional impairment. The Patient Health Question-naire Somatic Symptom Scale (PHQ-15) was developed to measure somatic symptom distress based on the frequency and bothersomeness of non-specific somatic symptoms. The study aimed to (1) evaluate the Hungarian version of the PHQ-15 from a psychometric point of view; (2) replicate the bifactor structure and associations with negative affect described in the literature; and (3) provide the Hungarian clinical and scientific community with reference (normal) values split by sex and age groups.

PHQ-15, depression (BDI-R), and subjective well-being (WHO-5) scores obtained from a large (n = 5020) and close to representative community sample (Hun-garostudy 2006) were subjected to correlation analysis and linear structomatization disorder (DSM-IV) or somatic symptom disorder (DSM-5). The reported reference values can be used in the future for both clinical and research purposes.
The Hungarian version of the PHQ-15 is a brief and usable tool for the pre-screening of somatization disorder (DSM-IV) or somatic symptom disorder (DSM-5). IPI-145 molecular weight The reported reference values can be used in the future for both clinical and research purposes.
Our goal was to determine the optimal orientation of insertion of the Slim Modiolar electrode and develop an easy-to-use method to aid implantation surgery. In some instances, the electrode arrays cannot be inserted in their full length. This can lead to buckling, interscalar dislocation or tip fold-over. In our opinion, one of the possible reasons of tip fold-over is unfavourable orientation of the electrode array. Our goal was to determine the optimal orientation of the Slim Modiolar electrode array relative to clear surgical landmarks and present our method in one specified case.

For the measurement, we used the preoperative CT scan of one of our cochlear implant patients. These images were processed by an open source and free image visualization software 3D Slicer. In the first step we marked the tip of the incus short process and then created the cochlear view. On this view we drew two straight lines the first line represented the insertion guide of the cochlear implant and the second line was the orl cochlear implantation surgeries, where the Slim Modiolar electrode is used.
We found that our method is easy, fast, and time-efficient. The surgery can be planned individually for each patient, based on their routine preoperative CT scan of the temporal bone, and the implantation procedure can be made safer. In the future we plan to use this method for all cochlear implantation surgeries, where the Slim Modiolar electrode is used.
Microdiscectomy (MD) is a stan-dard technique for the surgical treatment of lumbar disc herniation (LDH). Uniportal percutaneous full-endoscopic in-terlaminar lumbar discectomy (PELD) is another surgical op-tion that has become popular owing to reports of shorter hos-pitalization and earlier functional recovery. There are very few articles analyzing the total costs of these two techniques. The purpose of this study was to compare total hospital costs among microdiscectomy (MD) and uniportal percutaneous full-endoscopic interlaminar lumbar discectomy (PELD).

Forty patients aged between 22-70 years who underwent PELD or MD with different anesthesia techniques were divided into four groups (i) PELD-local anesthesia (PELD-Local) (n=10), (ii) PELD-general anesthesia (PELD-General) (n=10), (iii) MD-spinal anesthesia (MD-Spinal) (n=10), (iv) MD-general anesthesia (MD-General) (n=10). Health care costs were defined as the sum of direct costs. Data were then analyzed based on anesthetic modality to produce a direct cost evaluation.
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