Notes

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In wk 1 and 1 d before transport, N-Ig in calves were positively related to N-Ig in colostrum. In wk 2 and 10 at the veal farm, N-IgG in calves was positively related to N-IgG in colostrum. The N-IgG titers in calves at the dairy farm were negatively related to the likelihood of being individually treated with antibiotics or other medicines at the veal farm. Our results suggest that calves transported to the veal farm at 28 d of age showed a more advanced development of their adaptive immunity than calves transported at 14 d of age. Quality of colostrum might have long-term consequences for N-IgG titers and immunity in veal calves.Even though supplementations of essential AA (EAA) are often related to increased lactose yields in dairy cows, underlying mechanisms connecting EAA availability to the mammary glands and lactose synthesis are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of branched-chain AA (BCAA) including Leu, Ile, and Val on (1) glucose transporter (GLUT1) abundance and glucose uptake, (2) the abundance of proteins regulating lactose synthesis pathway, and (3) fractional synthesis rates of lactose (FSR) using bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC) and mammary tissues slices (MTS). The BMEC (n = 4) were allocated randomly to regular Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium with Ham's F12 (DMEM/F12) medium (+EAA) or +EAA deficient (by 90%) in all EAA (-EAA), all BCAA (-BCAA), only Leu (-Leu), only Ile (-Ile) or only Val (-Val). Western immunoblotting analyses, depletion of glucose in media, and a proteomic analysis were performed to determine the abundance of GLUT1 in the cell membrane, net glucose uptae-bound (T&M), or FSR relative to +EAAp. On the other hand, -BCAAp did not affect glucose uptake of MTS but was related to lower ELactose-bound (T&M), or FSR relative to +EAAp. Considering together, decreasing Leu supply to mammary tissues enhances GLUT1 and thus glucose uptake, which, however, does not affect lactose synthesis rates. Moreover, the deficiency of other BCAA, Ile, and Val alone or together with the deficiency of Leu seemed to decrease lactose synthesis rates without affecting glucose uptake. The data also emphasize the importance of addressing the effect of the supply of other nutrients to the mammary glands than the precursor supply in describing the synthesis of a milk component.Before weaning, dairy calves are at high risk for illness, especially respiratory and digestive diseases, which reduces average daily gain, age at first calving, and first-lactation milk production. Although these illnesses are commonly treated with antibiotics, efforts are being made to reduce antibiotic use, due to concerns about antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The objective was to evaluate the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products (SCFP) on the immune status of calves, following a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge administered just before weaning. Thirty Holstein bull calves were blocked based on initial body weight and then assigned to 1 of 2 study treatments. The control group (CON) was fed a 24% crude protein17% fat milk replacer (MR) and calf starter with no SCFP added. The SCFP treatment was fed the same 24% crude protein17% fat MR with 1 g/d of SmartCare (Diamond V) and calf starter with 0.8% NutriTek (Diamond V). SmartCare and NutriTek are both produced from anaerobic fermentatio reduced feed intake the day of the challenge compared with CON calves. These results suggest that dairy calves supplemented with SCFP exhibit an increased acute immune response, as observed by increased TNF-α, glucose, and respiration rate immediately after dosing with LPS, compared with CON calves.Due to the diversity and limitation of determination methods, published data on the fatty acid (FA) compositions of different milk samples have contributed to inaccurate comparisons. In this study, we developed a high-throughput gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method to determinate milk FA, and the proposed method had satisfactory linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, and precision. We also analyzed the FA compositions of 237 milk samples from Holstein cows, Jersey cows, buffalos, yaks, humans, goats, donkeys, and camels. Holstein, Jersey, goat, and buffalo milks contained high content of even-chain saturated FA, whereas goat milk had higher content of medium- and short-chain FA (MSCFA). Yak and camel milk are potential functional foods due to their high levels of odd- and branched-chain FA and low ratios of n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA). Human milk contained lower levels of saturated FA, MSCFA, and conjugated linoleic acid, and higher levels of monounsaturated FA and PUFA. As a special nonruminant milk, donkey milk contained low levels of monounsaturated FA and high levels of PUFA and MSCFA. Based on the FA profiles of 8 types of milk, nonruminant milk was distinct from ruminant milk, whereas camel and yak milk were different from other ruminant milks and considered as potential functional foods for balanced human diet.Cows with reduced estrous expression have compromised fertility. The aim of this study was to determine whether the administration of GnRH at the time of artificial insemination (AI) would affect ovulation rates and the fertility of animals expressing estrous behavior of lesser intensity. Cows were enrolled at the time of estrus from 3 farms (n = 2,607 estrus events; farm A 1,507, farm B 429, farm C 671) and randomly assigned to receive GnRH at AI or not (control). The intensity of estrous expression, monitored through leg-mounted activity monitors, was determined using the maximum activity during estrus; estrous expression was categorized as greater or lower relative to the farm median. On farm A, cows were assessed at alert, and 24 h, 48 h, and 7 d post-alert for ovulation using ultrasonography. Pregnancy per AI was confirmed at 35 ± 7 d post-estrus for cows that were inseminated. Differences between treatments were tested using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Treatment with GnRH at the time of AI increased pregnancy per AI (41.3 ± 1.6 vs. 35.7 ± 1.7%). An interaction between treatment and estrous expression on pregnancy per AI was found. Control cows with greater estrous expression had greater pregnancy per AI than those with lesser expression, whereas GnRH administration increased pregnancy per AI for cows with lesser estrous expression but not those with greater expression (GnRH, greater intensity 43.5 ± 2.1; GnRH, lesser intensity 37.8 ± 2.2; control, greater intensity 42.6 ± 2.2; control, lesser intensity 31.0 ± 2.2%). A higher proportion of cows with greater estrous expression that were administered GnRH at AI were found to ovulate by 48 h and 7 d post-estrus; however, ovulation of cows with lesser estrous expression was unaffected by GnRH administration. In conclusion, fertility of cows with reduced estrous expression may be increased using GnRH at the time of AI; however, increased ovulation rates do not seem to be the direct mechanism behind this relationship.We investigated the effects of environmental factors on average daily milk yield and day-to-day variation in milk yield of barn-housed Scottish dairy cows milked with an automated milking system. An incomplete Wood gamma function was fitted to derive parameters describing the milk yield curve including initial milk yield, inclining slope, declining slope, peak milk yield, time of peak, persistency (time in which the cow maintains high yield beyond the peak), and predicted total lactation milk yield (PTLMY). Lactation curves were fitted using generalized linear mixed models incorporating the above parameters (initial milk yield, inclining and declining slopes) and both the indoor and outdoor weather variables (temperature, humidity, and temperature-humidity index) as fixed effects. There was a higher initial milk yield and PTLMY in multiparous cows, but the incline slope parameter and persistency were greatest in primiparous cows. Primiparous cows took 54 d longer to attain a peak yield (mean ± standard error)s cows. After peak lactation had been reached, primiparous and multiparous cows decreased milk yield as indoor and outdoor minimum temperature increased.Mother's milk provides newborns with various nutrients (e.g., enzymes, proteins, peptides, hormones, antibodies) that help babies grow and protect them from bacterial and viral infections. The functions of many components of breast milk can be very different from their corresponding functions in body fluids of healthy adults. Catalytic antibodies (abzymes) that hydrolyze peptides, proteins, DNA, RNA, and oligosaccharides were detected not only in human milk, but also in the blood sera of autoimmune patients. However, abzymes with unexpected synthetic activities (lipids, oligosaccharides, and protein kinase activities) were revealed in milk that were not found in the blood of autoimmune patients. The nutrition of infants with fresh milk has a very specific role; newborns are well protected by antibodies of mother's milk (passive immunity). Protease abzymes were found in the blood sera of autoimmune patients, whereas healthy humans usually do not contain such autoantibodies. Here, we present the first evidence that the milk of healthy mothers contains secretory (s)IgA that effectively hydrolyze 5 histones (e.g., H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) and myelin basic protein (MBP). Several rigid criteria were applied to show that protease activity is an intrinsic property of sIgA. Milk abzymes against 5 histones cannot hydrolyze different control proteins except histones and MBP, whereas autoantibodies against MBP split this protein and 5 histones. Antibodies against histones and MBP exhibit complexation polyreactivity as well as specific and unusual catalytic cross-reactivity. With some exceptions, the specific sites of hydrolysis of H1, H2A, and H2B by sIgA against histones do not coincide with the sites of hydrolysis by abzymes against MBP. On the whole, fresh human milk is a very specific source of many of the most unusual antibodies and abzymes.Lameness in dairy cows is a major animal welfare concern and has substantial economic impact through reduced production and fertility. Previous risk factor analyses have focused on housed systems, rather than those where cows were grazed for the majority of the year and housed only for the winter period. Therefore, the aim of this observational study was to identify a robust set of cow-level and herd-level risk factors for lameness in a pasture-based system, based on predictors from the housing and grazing periods. Butyzamide solubility dmso Ninety-nine farms were visited during the grazing period (April 2019-September 2019), and 85 farms were revisited during the housing period (October 2019-February 2020). At each visit, all lactating cows were scored for lameness (0 = good mobility, 1 = imperfect mobility, 2 = impaired mobility, 3 = severely impaired mobility), and potential herd-level risk factors were recorded through questionnaires and infrastructure measurements. Routine cow-level management data were also collected. Important rssociations between risk factors and lameness, based on the entire year (grazing and housing periods), providing a focus for future randomized clinical trials.
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