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Finally, based on these, some feasible suggestions especially to (1) further promote the application and (2) development of this research field were presented. It is hoped that this work could support the proper evaluation and further optimization of AWB energy-oriented utilization systems.The oxidative potential (OP) of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has recently been proposed as a metric that may prove more indicative of human health effects than the routinely measured PM2.5 concentration. Observations of exposure to PM2.5 show most OP are originated from the contribution of transition metals and organics, but the pertinent coupling mechanisms are unclear. Here, we report laboratory observations in four simulated biological fluids (i.e., simulated saliva, surrogate lung fluid, artificial lysosomal fluid, and synthetic serum) that reveal OP of PM2.5 are significantly induced by prevalent metal complexes formed with nitrogen- and oxygen-containing compounds in low acid environments. Analyses of mass spectra and interaction factors indicate that organic-metal mixture effect in PM2.5, leading to synergistic, additive to antagonistic effects, which may serve as the dominant mechanism for this OP formation. A metal-organic mixtures origin for OP could explain why PM2.5 emission controls should emphasize the reduction of key toxic components, rather than just PM2.5 mass concentration control. SYNOPSIS This study has investigated the oxidative potential of inhaled atmospheric particulate matter (PM) in four simulated biological fluids, which highlight the importance of metal-organic complexes to the formation of oxidative potential (OP).Urban watersheds can play a critical role in supporting biodiversity and ecosystem services in a rapidly changing world. However, managing for multiple environmental and social objectives in urban landscapes is challenging, especially if the optimization of one ecosystem service conflicts with another. Urban ecology research has frequently been limited to a few indicators - typically either biodiversity or ecosystem service indices - making tradeoffs and synergies difficult to assess. Through a recently established watershed-scale monitoring network in Central Texas, we address this gap by evaluating biodiversity (flora and fauna), habitat quality, and ecosystem service indices of urban green spaces across the watershed. Our results reveal substantial heterogeneity in biodiversity and ecosystem service levels and multiple synergies (stacked benefits or "win-wins"). For example, we found that carbon sequestration positively correlated with tree species richness and the proportion of native trees in a green space, indicating that biodiversity goals for increased tree diversity can also provide carbon sequestration benefits. We also documented correlations between green spaces with greater riparian forest cover and lower particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations and cooler temperatures. In addition, we found that bee and wasp species richness was positively correlated with carbon sequestration and human visitation rates, meaning that urban green spaces can optimize carbon sequestration goals without losing pollinator habitat or access opportunities for city residents. Overall, our results indicate that many aspects of habitat quality, biodiversity, and ecosystem services can be simultaneously supported in urban green spaces. We conclude that urban design and management can optimize nature-based solutions and strategies to have distinct positive impacts on both people and nature.In order to develop criteria to distinguish polluted from unpolluted materials in areas subjected to artisanal small-scale gold mining, background mercury values were established in 62 natural soil and saprolite profiles on 16 different parent rock types in the greenstone belt of Suriname. Hg values in pristine topsoils often amount to up to 200 μg/kg, about 100 times higher than Hg in common parent rocks. Additional analyses of 40 major and trace elements in two pilot profiles show that Hg values are strongly correlated to Fe, Cr and V values, which suggests that just as those elements Hg is residually enriched in topsoils by laterisation processes. In the deeper pallid zones of the profiles, Hg has often been leached almost completely together with iron by reducing groundwater action. In this way the range of Hg values within a single profile can be greater than between profiles. Maximum and average Hg values of 196 samples from the 16 different parent rock types fall apart into two main groups. Felsic parent rocks with predominance of quartz and feldspar have maximum Hg values around 100 μg/kg and averages around 50 μg/kg, mafic ones with less silica and higher Fe, Mg and Ca have maximum values around 250-300 μg/kg and averages around 150 μg/kg. In general the natural soil and saprolite Hg values are in the same order of magnitude as many published mine tailings and stream sediments, and therefore cannot be used to separate polluted from unpolluted materials.Cadmium (Cd) is a widely distributed endocrine disruptor and has been reported to be closely correlated to the pathogenesis of diabetes. Since pancreatic β-cells loss and dysfunction are central to pathogenesis of diabetes, studying Cd toxicity on pancreatic β-cells and its molecular mechanism is an important scientific issue. However, less attention has been payed to study how Cd induces pancreatic β-cells death and dysfunction in recent years. Thus, our study aims to explore the toxic mechanism of Cd treatment on pancreatic β-cells using both cellular and animal models. selleck chemicals Firstly, it was confirmed that Cd induced decreased cell viability and insulin secretion in a dose-and time-dependent manner in MIN6 cells. To explore the underlying mechanism, transcriptomic analysis was employed to screen the differentially expressed genes and disturbed metabolic pathways. Go and KEGG analysis showed that Cd exposure triggered ferroptosis process in MIN6 cells. We further validated that Cd led to GSH depletion, Gpx4 reduction, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial membrane potential loss and ultrastructural damage at mitochondrial level. Since immune system process was also perturbed based on GO analysis, we found that Cd activated Ager/Pkc/p65 inflammatory process. Moreover, ferroptosis inhibitor Fer-1 could effectively antagonized the activation of Ager-mediated immune process. It was also revealed that Cd induced iron accumulation as well as decreased Gpx4 expression in mice islets. We also uncovered that Cd led to systemic and pancreatic inflammation as early as third week after Cd exposure. Our study emphasizes the importance of ferroptotic cell death on Cd-induced systemic chronic inflammation. A novel target is provided to prevent Cd-induced pancreatic β-cells dysfunction and improve the chronic inflammatory state for prediabetes prevention.Personal care products (PCPs) are considered as a major source of paraben exposure; however, the dietary contribution is not well known. We compared the urinary levels of methyl-, ethyl-, and propyl-paraben (MeP, EtP, and PrP), and investigated their associations with fasting status and contacts with other potential exposure sources among Korea and the US adult women. A group of fasting, non-pregnant adult women (n = 469) was recruited from Seoul, Ansan/Incheon, and Jeju, Korea in 2015-2016, and their urine was measured for parabens. Non-fasting Korean women of matching age (25-45 years) were chosen from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) Cycle 3 (n = 579). For the US women, both fasting (n = 154) and non-fasting (n = 201) females were chosen from the NHANES 2015-2016 participants. In fasting Korean women, the urinary MeP, EtP, and PrP concentrations (median) were measured at 47.30, 17.90, and 2.30 ng/mL, respectively. Urinary EtP and PrP levels in fasting Korean women were significantly lower than those in non-fasting women (EtP and PrP median of 26.40 and 3.57 ng/mL). On average, the difference in urinary EtP levels by fasting status was greater among the highly exposed groups. In the US population, EtP levels were significantly lower (median ranged 1.55-1.80 ng/mL depending on fasting status), but MeP levels were higher (67.90-84.35 ng/mL) than those of the Korean population. When only fasting women were considered, the median EtP levels of Korean women were 11.5-fold greater than those of US women, suggesting that the non-dietary contributions of EtP exposure could not be ignored among Korean women. Regardless of fasting status, MeP and PrP were significantly correlated, and their urinary levels in fasting Korean women were correlated with the use of several personal care products. The major dietary and non-dietary sources that may explain EtP exposure in Korean women warrant further investigation.Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) has been widely detected in environment and organisms. PFOS has been identified as the driving agent for the behavioral changes of zebrafish larvae, while the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, zebrafish embryos/larvae were exposed to 0, 0.04, 0.1, 0.4 and 1 μM PFOS for 166 h. The locomotor behaviors and the mRNA transcription of genes in neuromuscular system were detected. Exposure to PFOS did not affect the hatching/death rates and body length, but increased the heart beat rates and frequency of spontaneous tail coiling. Locomotor behavior in zebrafish larvae of 0.4 and 1 μM PFOS groups were increased in the light condition. Additionally, the levels of acetylcholine (Ach) in 0.4 μM PFOS group and dopamine (DA) in 0.1, 0.4 and 1 μM PFOS groups were found to be significantly increased. The expression of genes related to the synthesis and decomposition of ACh，the synthesis and receptor of DA, and fosab was increased in the different PFOS treatment groups, while the expression of all the other genes of the neuromuscular system were significantly reduced. The findings of this investigation demonstrated that PFOS exposure may alter the locomotor behavior of zebrafish through disrupting the expressions of genes in neuromuscular system. The disturbed process of neurotransmitter transmission and muscle contraction caused by PFOS may be the dominant mechanism of hyperactivity in zebrafish.It is at an early development stage the best opportunity for a society to learn the concepts of sustainable production and consumption. Schools can serve as effective and efficient ways for this purpose. This work quantifies the Nitrogen Footprint (NF) of twelve school menus developed following the Spanish dietary guidelines. The analysis considers six fall school menus and six spring school menus for 7 to 12 years old children. Fall menus present higher NF than spring menus, being on average 23 g N and 19 g N, respectively. This is mainly due to the presence of beef dishes in fall menus, which significantly increase the production NF. Menus including non-meat protein sources, such as legumes, exhibit the lowest N pollution. Menus with beef dishes remain the most intensive menus for fall and spring in terms of N pollution and energy intake, being 0.04 g N/kcal. The highest contributing stage to the total NF is the production (92.6 %), followed by consumption (5.8 %), while the distribution and cooking stages present lower contributions.
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