Notes

Etiopathogenesis involving the disease successful disorder * the condition of the art pertaining to 2021.
A correlation analysis revealed the strong positive relationships of alexithymia, neuroticism and isolation tendency with depression, anxiety, somatization, obsessions and sensitivity in AND group.

The comparison of correlations between OADD and ED revealed no significant differences. It implies the similarity in the pathogenesis of OADD and ED.
The comparison of correlations between OADD and ED revealed no significant differences. It implies the similarity in the pathogenesis of OADD and ED.
To determine clinical and psychopathological specifics of the first depressive episode (DE) in the context of formation of personality anomalies and their dynamics in adolescence.

Two hundred and thirty-seven patients (180 male, 57 female), aged 16 to 25 years, with the first DE and comorbid personality disorder (PD) were clinically observed and psychopathologically evaluated. Later 149 patients from this group participated in the follow-up study.

The first DE with PD in adolescence is characterized by psychopathological variety due to PD type and age factor. Diagnosis of PD in adolescence is based on pathological traits, while affective impairment is a separate dimension. PD determines the clinical features of the first DE and all spectrum of affective disorders. The high conjugation of the first DE with autoagressive behavior confirms their suicidal risk. Autoagressive behavior is noted in 201 (84.8%) patients, of which 59 (29.4%) had non-suicide self-injury (NSSI) and 14 (70.6%) had suicidal activity. The follow-up study identified variants of further dynamics of PD with comorbid affective spectrum disorders after the first DE developed in youth that had prognostic value unipolar major depression in schizoid PD (13 (37.1%) patients), cluster C PD (8 (26.7%)); bipolar affective disorders in borderline (42 (28.2%)) and narcissistic (16 (40.0%)) PD; recurrent depressive disorder in PD of cluster C (14 (46.7%)).

The revealed clinical and psychopathological features will contribute to the creation of a unified model for predicting affective disorders and the formation of therapy standards.
The revealed clinical and psychopathological features will contribute to the creation of a unified model for predicting affective disorders and the formation of therapy standards.
To study the features of psychopatological structure of endogenous depression in young women and to identify correlations between various clinical types of depression and their nosological affilation.

The results of clinical/psychopathological examination of 107 female patients, aged 16 to 25 years, with endogenous depression with one of the following ICD-10 diagnosis (F34.0; F31.3-F31.5; F21.3-F.21.4+F31.3-F31.5; F60.X+F31.3-F31.5) were analyzed.

Several types of endogenous depression were identified 1) hysterical depression with hysterical-conversions, and also the phenomena of delusional fantasies; 2) dysmorphic depression with predominance of over-valued ideas of physical disability, self-inferiority and eating disorder; 3) depersonalization depression with depersonalization-derealization symptoms; 4) psychopath-like depression with exaggerated behavior, opposition and impulsivity; 5) existential depression with a feeling of losing the life meaning and often pessimistic worldview; 6) psychasthenic dorders, while psychosthenic-like, anxious-melancholic and existential depressions are more frequent in affective disorders. Depersonalization depressions are more common in schizotypal disorder. When comparing the types of depressions in boys as reported in previous research with those in girls, the prevalence of hysteroform and anxious-melancholic variants in girls is revealed.
To identify psychopathological features of chronic endogenous depression that develops in youth and determine most significant diagnostic and prognostic criteria.

Sixty-two male inpatients were examined who had suffered from a chronic depressive state over 2 - years in their youth (16-25 years old) and were treated at FSBSI MHRC clinic in 2008-2010. The exclusion criteria were the presence of psychotic episodes, severe deficiency symptoms, as well as clinically significant somatic, neurological and mental disorders that complicated the study. Clinical-psychopathological, psychometric (HDRS, SANS and SOPS) and statistical methods were used.

Youth chronic endogenous depression is characterized by the dominance of symptoms of negative affectivity in their structure. In addition, there are disorders that differ from those of an affective spectrum. Based on the analysis of psychopathological characteristics of youth chronic endogenous depressions, two typological varieties are identified unitary depressions (type I) and supplementary depressions (type II). Among type II depressions, 2 subtypes are distinguished with neurosis-like and with psychopathic- like disorders. The presence of psychopathic disorders in the structure of depression is a prognostically unfavorable sign.
Youth chronic endogenous depression is characterized by the dominance of symptoms of negative affectivity in their structure. In addition, there are disorders that differ from those of an affective spectrum. Based on the analysis of psychopathological characteristics of youth chronic endogenous depressions, two typological varieties are identified unitary depressions (type I) and supplementary depressions (type II). Among type II depressions, 2 subtypes are distinguished with neurosis-like and with psychopathic- like disorders. The presence of psychopathic disorders in the structure of depression is a prognostically unfavorable sign.
To study the clinical features of depressive disorders in adolescents with schizotypal disorder (STD).

Were examined 87 adolescents with STD (F21), taken for outpatient or inpatient observation in 2018-2020. click here Of these, 26 patients were selected (12 males, 14 females, mean age 12.7±2.9 years) diagnosed with clinically significant depression (F32). To assess the severity of depression, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scales (HDRS) and the Beck Depression Self-Assessment Questionnaire (BDI) were used. The SPQ questionnaire was used to quantify the presence of STD symptoms.

Depressive disorders were observed in 28% of all examined patients with STD. Signs of dysontogenesis were observed in 92% of the examined. The duration of depressive episodes before the start of treatment averaged 8.7 months, and until therapeutic remission was achieved, an average of 12.6 years. A mild depressive episode according to the HDRS scale corresponded in 23.1% of patients with a moderate degree in 61.5% and a severe one in 3.8%.. Subjective depressive experiences, primarily internal feelings of longing, ideas of failure and guilt, as well as the frequency of anti-vital thoughts and self-injurious behavior, are much more pronounced in adolescents than they demonstrate in everyday life.The article discusses the role of biological and psychological adaptive and compensatory mechanisms in the aetiology and pathogenesis of affective disorders, the relationship between the genetic characteristics of an individual, which determine vulnerability, and epigenetic mechanisms dependent on external psychosocial influences. The role of psychological factors disrupted the consistency of mental functions and the preservation of individuality that determines the psychogenesis of the disease both at the borderline and at the psychotic level is indicated. The psychoprophylactic and therapeutic role of psychotherapy is substantiated with an analysis of its influence both on the biological parameters of the brain and on the psychological characteristics of an individual, including an assessment of the quality of life. A comprehensive biopsychosocial approach to a spectrum of affective disorders makes a significant contribution to the development of personalized person-centered medicine, considering the phenomenological characteristics of the disease, as well as the psychological characteristics of patients and the nature of their social adaptation, which increases the effectiveness of treatment and rehabilitation of mentally ill patients.Depression is one of the most relevant and discussed problems at the present stage of psychiatry's development, both in numerous scientific studies and in the media. Described for the first time several millennia ago, depressive states have been embodied in numerous cultural monuments dating back to antiquity and ancient Egypt. As early as the fifth century, Byzantine literature described "gratuitous sorrow" (John Cassian the Roman), corresponding to the modern understanding of endogenous depression.Objective To explore the clinical features of three early-onset infantile epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE) patients with variations in phosphofurin acidic cluster sorting protein 2 (PACS2) gene and to review related literature. Methods The clinical data and genetic features of three early infantile epileptic encephalopathy 66 (EIEE66) patients with a PACS2 gene variant diagnosed by the Department of Neurology, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, from January 2019 to January 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. A literature search with "PACS2 gene" "PACS2" "epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 66" and"early infantile epileptic encephalopathy 66" as key words was conducted at PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform (up to July 2020). Case reports of patients with PACS2 gene variants and related clinical data were chosen and reviewed. Results Case 1, a girl aged 2 years and 2 months was host all patients showed facial dysmorphism and developmental delay to different degrees. Total of 16 patients had abnormal brain MRI recordings, and 13 cases had cerebellar hypoplasia. More specifically, 7 cases showed inferior vermian hypoplasia, and 3 cases showed hypothalamic fusion anomaly. The treatment was mainly aimed to control the symptoms. And the recommended effective treatment for epilepsy has not been reported yet. Conclusions PACS2-related early infantile epileptic encephalopathy is an autosomal dominant disease, characterized by seizure onset within the first week of life in most cases, dysmorphic facial appearance, and various degrees of developmental retardation. Treatment with valproic acid showed good effect.Objective To explore the clinical and genetic characteristics of Noonan syndrome in children. Methods The clinical characteristics,genetic analysis and follow-up data of 20 children diagnosed with Noonan syndrome who were admitted to Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University from March 2016 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Results Among 20 children with Noonan syndrome, 13 were males and 7 were females. The age at diagnosis was 5.9 years (1.1 years to 12.2 years). The most common clinical complaints were delayed height growth, followed by hypospadias or cryptorchidism in 2 cases, and special facial appearance in 1 case. Physical examination revealed 12 cases of Noonan syndrome with facial features, 9 cases with cryptorchidism and hypospadias, 10 cases with abnormal cardiac structure, and 10 cases with mental retardation; Twelve patients were detected with PTPN11 variations, 4 patients carried SOS2 variations, 2 cases were confirmed with variations in SHOC2 and SOS1.
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