Notes

6-Shogaol Stops Cancer of the breast Cellular material along with Stem Cell-Like Spheroids by simply Modulation regarding Step Signaling Process along with Induction involving Autophagic Cellular Loss of life.
International collaboration in all subfields of neuroscience is substantial. Eastern Southern and Northern regions and developmental neuroscience require more focus and funding.OBJECTIVE To investigate potential risk factors for Parkinson`s disease (PD) in elderly individuals rural living in Turkey. METHODS In total, 72 consecutive elderly Parkinson disease patients referred to the Neurology Clinic, Igdir State Hospital, Igdir, Turkey were included in the study. A structured questionnaire comprising questions on history of pastoral living, pit water consumption, and exposure to ionizing radiation and pesticides was administered to the patients. The patients were divided into 2 groups on the basis of water consumption well water consumption group and city network consumption group. RESULTS Of 72 patients with PD, 49 (68.1%) exposed to well water while 23 (31.9%) did not exposed to well water. The average duration of well water consumption was 20 (standard deviation 6) years (p less than 0.01) in group 1. Nitrate, sulfate and heavy metal levels were significantly higher in well water than in city network water (p less than 0.05). CONCLUSION Consumption of well water containing heavy metals and nitrates in early life may contribute to the etiology of Parkinson disease in elderly individuals in Igdir province of Turkey.OBJECTIVE To assess knowledge about secondary stroke and adherence to stroke discharge medication and prevention strategies among stroke survivors, and to identify possible causes of poor adherence. METHODS A cross-sectional study that involved 82 stroke survivors who were treated at Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital (PMAH) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, from July 2015 to August 2018. Patient adherence level (PAL) was assessed using a tool developed by Sidorkiewicz et al (2016). RESULTS Of the 82 participants, 63.4% believed that the risk of secondary stroke is higher and 70.7% believed it would results in worse outcome, compared to primary stroke. Out of a list of 7 preventive strategies, treating risk factors (80.5%), keeping a healthy diet (65.9%) and regular exercise (63.4%) were the most frequently identified. Forgetful-ness (51.2%), polypharmacy (18.3%) and patient-perceived improvement (17.1%) were the most frequently reported causes for nonadherence. At the patients` level, PAL was adequate among 46.8%, and was higher among females (60.0% versus 35.7%, p=0.033) and married (52.2% versus 0.0%, p=0.006) ones, and lower among smokers (22.2% versus 54.2%, p=0.029), compared to their counterparts. No correlation of adherence level with knowledge was observed. Regression showed approximation to statistical significance for smoking (OR=4.28 [0.99, 18.41], p=0.051) as a predictor for inadequate adherence. CONCLUSION Stroke survivors have suboptimal adherence to discharge prescriptions and preventive strategies, despite a relatively sound knowledge, which exposes them to high risk of secondary stroke. It is part of the healthcare providers` role to identify eventual barriers to adherence and to implement efficacious strategies to alleviate such barriers and improve patients` adherence.OBJECTIVE To estimate reference data for the commonly performed sensory nerve conduction studies (NCS) using a cohort of healthy subjects from Saudi Arabia. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study conducted between May 2015, and June 2019. Sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) amplitude, conduction velocity (CV), and peak latency (PL) were recorded. Associations between these parameters and the covariates (age, sex, height, weight, and body mass index) were tested with Pearson correlations. Reference data were then derived using the lowest percentile that could be reliably determined for SNAP amplitude and CV. Reference data were derived using the highest percentile for PL. RESULTS Upper and lower limb sensory NCS were performed in 127 and 137 participants, respectively. Age was the only covariate that required adjustment for estimation of SNAP amplitude. Therefore, a prediction model was generated for each nerve. Percentile estimation for PL and CV did not require adjustment for any of the covariates. Hence, it was derived for all the subjects pooled together. CONCLUSION The sensory NCS reference data were comparable to the data from other countries. MK0683 However, minimal differences were observed. Further studies are required with a focus on the older age group.OBJECTIVE To improve the understanding of the association between electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities and clinical outcomes of patients with all types of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted in a tertiary healthcare hospital on patients with ICH without cardiac disease or renal disease requiring dialysis. Demographic and clinical data were collected from hospital records. ECG record were obtained within 24 hours of presentation and prior to treatment. Records were interpreted for this study by a cardiologist blinded to other data. RESULTS Assessment of 291 patients (228 adults and 63 children) showed that subdural hemorrhage was the most common type of ICH (31.6%) followed by intraparenchymal hemorrhage (23.0%). ECG records were available for 98 patients. ECG abnormalities were most commonly nonspecific ST-segment changes (32.6%). In adults, history of neurological disease was associated with atrioventricular block (p=.004) and QTc prolongation (p=.041). Pediatric patients exhibited associations between ST-segment changes (p=.045) and sinus tachycardia (p=.027) and type of ICH. However, ECG changes were not statistically associated with clinical outcomes in adults or children. CONCLUSION Significant ECG changes frequently occurred in patients with all types of ICH but did not consistently predict the outcome in this study. Close observation of patients is still recommended to detect ECG changes that could affect the treatment.OBJECTIVE To investigate the importance of the side of clinical findings in predicting the prognosis in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. METHODS In our study we enrolled 361 MS patients. This study as retrospective was performed. On neurological examinations, clinical findings were recorded as right, left and bilateral. We used the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score (MSSS), Progression Index (PI) for neurological status. RESULTS At the first attack, there were differences in the EDSS, PI and MSSS of right-sided findings between remission and attack periods (p=0.057, p=0.008, p=0.017 respectively). In the right-sided clinical findings, the value of PI and MSSS were higher than the others between in remission and attack periods (p=0.002, p=0.045 respectively). At last attack, we found statically differences in EDSS, MSSS values between remission and attack periods in only right-sided clinical findings (p=0.042, p=0.027 respectively). In the first presentation the PI value in bilateral clinical signs was lower (p=0.016). CONCLUSION Right-sided clinical findings were poor prognostic factors in all stages of MS, whereas bilateral findings were not poor prognostic factor in the early-stage MS.OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency, risk factors, and outcomes of patients with brainstem hemorrhage in stroke center at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh. METHODS A retrospective, observational cohort study including all patients with brainstem hemorrhage from January 2014 to December 2017. The clinical presentation, location of hemorrhage, complications and clinical outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS Of 1921 stroke patients, 219 had hemorrhagic stroke (11.4%), of whom only 10 (4.6%) had brainstem hemorrhage, comprising 0.5% of all stroke patients. All patients were men; mean age was 58.5 years. Most frequent presenting symptoms were headache (70%), unilateral weakness (60%), and loss of consciousness (50%). All patients had hemorrhage in pons, 5 had concomitant cerebellar hemorrhage (50%), one had medullary hemorrhage, and one midbrain hemorrhage (10% each). Mean ICU stay was 17 days; mean hospital stay was 58 days. At the time of discharge, three (30%) had mRS of 0-2, 5 (50%) had mRS of 3-5, whereas 2 (20%) had died. Glasgow coma scale (GCS) of >8 at presentation was associated with a good outcome at three months (p=0.03). Presentation within six hours of symptom onset (p=0.233), hypertension on presentation (p=0.233), and age less than 60 years (p=0.065) did not affect discharge outcomes. CONCLUSION Brainstem hemorrhage occurred in 0.5% of all stroke patients. It was associated with high morbidity and mortality. Low Glasgow Coma Scale at presentation was associated with poor outcomes.BACKGROUND Carbon monoxide (CO) has anti-inflammatory effects and protects the intestinal mucosal barrier in sepsis. Pyroptosis, or cell death associated with sepsis, is mediated by caspase-1 activation. This study aimed to investigate the role of CO on the expression of proteins associated with intestinal mucosal pyroptosis in a rat model of sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). MATERIAL AND METHODS The rat model of sepsis was developed using CLP. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=120) were divided into six study groups the sham group (n=20); the CLP group (n=20); the hemin group (treated with ferric chloride and heme) (n=20); the zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPPIX) group (n=20); the CO-releasing molecule 2 (CORM-2) group (n=20); and the inactive CORM-2 (iCORM-2) group (n=20). Hemin and CORM-2 were CO donors, and ZnPPIX was a CO inhibitor. In the six groups, the seven-day survival curves, the fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled dextran 4000 Da (FD-4) permeability assay, levels of intestinal pyroptosis proteins caspase-1, caspase-11, and gasdermin D (GSDMD) were measured by confocal fluorescence microscopy. Proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-18, IL-1ß, and high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) were measured by Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS CO reduced the mortality rate in rats with sepsis and reduced intestinal mucosal permeability and mucosal damage. CO also reduced the expression levels of IL-18, IL-1ß, and HMGB1, and reduced pyroptosis by preventing the cleavage of caspase-1 and caspase-11. CONCLUSIONS In a rat model of sepsis induced by CLP, CO had a protective role by inhibiting intestinal mucosal pyroptosis.With the global pandemic due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), there has been a significant strain on healthcare facilities. The infectivity rate, as well as the rate of healthcare workers who have fallen ill to the disease, has raised concerns globally on the proper management of patients as well as the role of safe healthcare provision utilizing personal protective equipment (PPE). Furthermore, the limited supply of PPEs has mandated rationing their use to achieve maximum utility and preservation. Multiple gastroenterology associations have issued guidance and statements that would help healthcare providers in navigating these unprecedented and difficult times, and the Saudi Gastroenterology Association has provided this statement in an effort to bring the most up to date information for the management of endoscopy units in terms of resources, manpower planning, scheduling, as well as infection control policies and leadership.
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