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Creating consensus for brands and defining the actual later on period involving anorexia nervosa: A new Delphi review.
The exploration of the regions where the method displayed good agreement, which are presented in this work, can guide the positioning of the sensors for experimental implementation of closed-loop control in a jet.The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of wearing various types of personal protective equipment on speech recognition in a real-world, noisy listening environment. Groups of four young, normal-hearing adults participated in a live version of the Modified Rhyme Test in a noisy public cafeteria with and without the use of a non-medical disposable facial mask or combat earplugs in two different modes. Speech recognition, response time, and subjective difficulty were measured per individual. In addition, the signal-to-noise ratio was estimated during the interval when the talker spoke the target word. Results showed that the listeners' speech recognition performance declined not only when the listener wore earplugs, but also when the talker wore earplugs. The measured signal-to-noise ratio significantly decreased when the talker wore earplugs, suggesting that occlusion may have caused the talkers to reduce their voice levels. Results also showed a decline in speech recognition performance when the talker wore a facial mask. Listeners rated all conditions in which talkers and listeners wore personal protective equipment as more difficult than the baseline condition. These data suggest that speech recognition in real-world listening environments can be impaired by personal protective equipment worn by both talkers and listeners.Spatial characterization of the sound field in a room is a challenging task, as it usually requires a large number of measurement points. This paper presents a probabilistic approach for sound field reconstruction in the modal frequency range for small and medium-sized rooms based on Bayesian inference. A plane wave expansion model is used to decompose the sound field in the examined domain. The posterior distribution for the amplitude of each plane wave is inferred based on a uniform prior distribution with limits based on the maximum sound pressure observed in the measurements. Two different application cases are studied, namely a numerically computed sound field in a non-rectangular two-dimensional (2D) domain and a measured sound field in a horizontal evaluation area of a lightly damped room. The proposed reconstruction method provides an accurate reconstruction for both examined cases. Further, the results of Bayesian inference are compared to the reconstruction with a deterministic compressive sensing framework. The most significant advantage of the Bayesian method over deterministic reconstruction approaches is that it provides a probability distribution of the sound pressure at every reconstruction point, and thus, allows quantifying the uncertainty of the recovered sound field.The unprecedented lockdowns resulting from COVID-19 in spring 2020 triggered changes in human activities in public spaces. A predictive modeling approach was developed to characterize the changes in the perception of the sound environment when people could not be surveyed. Building on a database of soundscape questionnaires (N = 1,136) and binaural recordings (N = 687) collected in 13 locations across London and Venice during 2019, new recordings (N = 571) were made in the same locations during the 2020 lockdowns. Using these 30-s-long recordings, linear multilevel models were developed to predict the soundscape pleasantness ( R2=0.85) and eventfulness ( R2=0.715) during the lockdown and compare the changes for each location. The performance was above average for comparable models. An online listening study also investigated the change in the sound sources within the spaces. Results indicate (1) human sounds were less dominant and natural sounds more dominant across all locations; (2) contextual information is important for predicting pleasantness but not for eventfulness; (3) perception shifted toward less eventful soundscapes and to more pleasant soundscapes for previously traffic-dominated locations but not for human- and natural-dominated locations. This study demonstrates the usefulness of predictive modeling and the importance of considering contextual information when discussing the impact of sound level reductions on the soundscape.Although X-Ray Computed Tomography (CT) is widely used for detecting pulmonary nodules inside the parenchyma, it cannot be used during video-assisted surgical procedures. Real-time, non-ionizing, ultrasound-based techniques are an attractive alternative for nodule localization to ensure safe resection margins during surgery. Conventional ultrasound B-mode imaging of the lung is challenging due to multiple scattering. However, the multiple scattering contribution can be exploited to detect regions inside the lung containing no scatterers. Pulmonary nodules are homogeneous regions in contrast to the highly scattering parenchyma containing millions of air-filled alveoli. We developed a method relying on mapping the multiple scattering contribution inside the highly scattering lung to detect and localize pulmonary nodules. Impulse response matrices were acquired in ex-vivo pig and dog lungs using a linear array transducer to semi-locally investigate the backscattered field. Extracting the multiple-scattering contribution using singular-value decomposition and combining it with a depression detection algorithm allowed us to detect and localize regions with less multiple scattering, associated with the nodules. The feasibility of this method was demonstrated in five ex-vivo lungs containing a total of 20 artificial nodules. Ninety-five percent of the nodules were detected. Nodule depth and diameter significantly correlated with their ex-vivo CT-estimated counterparts (R = 0.960, 0.563, respectively).This study investigates complex acoustical intensity using a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) bimorph. Analytical models of the open-circuit voltage outputs of an infinite-strip-shaped PVDF bimorph cantilever in an underwater sound field are developed. Results show that the sound pressure generates the sum of the outputs, while the particle velocity normal to the PVDF surface generates the difference. The sensitivities of the pressure- and velocity-generated voltage responses with respect to an incident plane sound field demonstrate uniform directivity in a low-frequency range, which is suitable for acoustical intensity determination. The higher velocity sensitivity confirms the advantage of using a PVDF bimorph as a velocity sensor, owing to its light weight and flexibility. An algorithm for determining the complex acoustical intensity normal to the surface is proposed by utilizing those voltage responses and the probe gain calibrated with a given angle of incident sound. This algorithm allows accurate determination of sound intensity of a plane wave field, where the reactive part of intensity is absent. However, a small error may exist when the reactive intensity is large and active intensity is small. This small discrepancy arises from the inherent variation in the phase directivity of the gains, which decrease with frequency.In this article, a structured acoustic holography technique in the self-positioning method of a single microphone from the monaurally recorded signals is proposed. A series of three-dimensional ultrasonic holograms, designed for positioning in a workspace, are sequentially projected. As a result, the microphone receives a position-dependent sequence of amplitude signals encoded with information on the observation position. Subsequently, the microphone position is determined by obtaining the peak position of the cross-correlation function between the received signal and the reference signal. Experiments were conducted using a custom-made phased array of 40-kHz ultrasound transducers to evaluate the positioning accuracy. It is demonstrated that when applied to a 100×100×50 mm3 workspace, the measurement error was less than 1 mm at all observation points in the numerical experiment, which was maintained for more than 96% of the points in the real-environment experiments. The proposed method is advantageous in that it does not use the phase information of the recorded signals, thus requiring no multiple synchronized recordings as the microphone-array-based methods. In addition, this scheme does not directly use the absolute value of the received amplitude as a positioning clue, which means that no amplitude-to-voltage calibration is required.Cloaking invisibility is a novel technique that prevents the object from being detected in the background field. The development of new artificial materials and structures promotes the emergence of new achievements in cloaking research. In this work, a broadband square cloaking configuration of elastic wave metamaterial plate is designed and fabricated by the external active control system. The approximate parameters of the flexural wave cloak can be obtained by the coordinate transformation and achieved by alternating layers of the Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and piezoelectric (PZT) patches. 7ACC2 manufacturer With the introduction of active control systems, the square cloak has a wide effective frequency range. The simulation and experimental results show that the square cloak of flexural waves exhibits a good invisible performance in the frequency region of 500-2200 Hz. Compared to the structure without active control systems, the frequency region 2200-2750 Hz is extended for the active cloak. The design and fabrication of the broadband cloak is wished to be helpful during the practical engineering.Cell-based therapies have garnered significant interest to treat cancer and other diseases. Acoustofluidic technologies are in development to improve cell therapy manufacturing by facilitating rapid molecular delivery across the plasma membrane via ultrasound and microbubbles (MBs). In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) printed acoustofluidic device was used to deliver a fluorescent molecule, calcein, to human T cells. Intracellular delivery of calcein was assessed after varying parameters such as MB face charge, MB concentration, flow channel geometry, ultrasound pressure, and delivery time point after ultrasound treatment. MBs with a cationic surface charge caused statistically significant increases in calcein delivery during acoustofluidic treatment compared to MBs with a neutral surface charge (p less then 0.001). Calcein delivery was significantly higher with a concentric spiral channel geometry compared to a rectilinear channel geometry (p less then 0.001). Additionally, calcein delivery was significantly enhanced at increased ultrasound pressures of 5.1 MPa compared to lower ultrasound pressures between 0-3.8 MPa (p less then 0.001). These results demonstrate that a 3D-printed acoustofluidic device can significantly enhance intracellular delivery of biomolecules to T cells, which may be a viable approach to advance cell-based therapies.Many fish species form social aggregations or shoals. Understanding the conditions under which these groups sometimes coordinate their behavior in space and time, or "school," is important for understanding their ecology, their effects on the ecosystem, and effective management of their stocks. An automated approach to isolate acoustic aggregations in echosounder data relative to the local background scattering is introduced. Aggregations were then identified and characterized in a large dataset acquired from an autonomous platform and a research vessel. Fish schools were statistically distinct from other aggregations of fish, with differences in their geometry, frequency response, scattering intensity, and scattering distribution. The statistical distribution of acoustic scattering from fish shoals generally followed a Rayleigh distribution as predicted for a randomly organized aggregation of homogenous scatterers. Within fish schools, however, the distribution was distinct from Rayleigh, showing a consistent pattern with most values at low relative scattering levels followed by a sharp roll-off and long right tail.
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