Notes

Execution regarding resuscitative endovascular balloon stoppage in the aorta rather than resuscitative thoracotomy regarding noncompressible truncal hemorrhage.
Primary root growth is required by the plant to anchor in the soil and reach out for nutrients and water, while dealing with obstacles. Efficient root elongation and bending depends upon the coordinated action of environmental sensing, signal transduction, and growth responses. The actin cytoskeleton is a highly plastic network that constitutes a point of integration for environmental stimuli and hormonal pathways. In this review, we present a detailed compilation highlighting the importance of the actin cytoskeleton during primary root growth and we describe how actin-binding proteins, plant hormones, and actin-disrupting drugs affect root growth and root actin. We also discuss the feedback loop between actin and root responses to light and gravity. Actin affects cell division and elongation through the control of its own organization. We remark upon the importance of longitudinally oriented actin bundles as a hallmark of cell elongation as well as the role of the actin cytoskeleton in protein trafficking ans largely unknown. Recently, fundamental studies with the latest techniques have given us more in-depth knowledge of the role and organization of actin in the coordination of root growth; however, there remains a lot to discover, especially in how actin organization helps cell shaping, and therefore root growth.Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ] is one of the most strategical oilseed crops that provides sustainable source of protein and oil worldwide. Cultivation of soybean is severely affected by root-knot nematode (RKN). However, the mechanism of RKN parasitism to soybeans is largely unknown. In this study, we identify GmLMM1, which encodes a homolog of FERONIA-like receptor kinase in soybean, as a susceptible gene toward nematode. Mutations of GmLMM1 exhibit enhanced resistance against the RKN Meloidogyne incognita. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis reveals a similar differential expression pattern for genes regulated by GmLMM1 (Gmlmm1 vs. wild-type) and M. incognita (M. incognita vs. mock), supporting the role of GmLMM1 in M. incognita infection. Unlike FERONIA in Arabidopsis, GmLMM1 specifically binds to MiRALF1 and AtRALF23 that suppress plant immunity, but not MiRALF3 and AtRALF1. Moreover, we found that the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in GmLMM1 leads to the natural resistance against RKNs in soybeans. Collectively, these findings uncover GmLMM1 as a susceptible target of nematode RALF-like 1 and provide new genetic resource for nematode resistant breeding.Panax notoginseng (Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen), a plant of high medicinal value, is severely affected by root rot during cultivation. Here, we generated a reference genome of P. notoginseng, with a contig N50 size of 241.268 kb, and identified 66 disease-resistance genes (R-genes) as candidate genes for breeding disease-resistant varieties. We then investigated the molecular mechanism underlying the responses of resistant and susceptible P. notoginseng genotypes to Fusarium oxysporum infection at six time points by RNA-seq. Functional analysis of the genes differentially expressed between the two genotypes indicated that genes involved in the defense response biological process like hormone transduction and plant-pathogen interaction are continuously and highly expressed in resistant genotype during infection. Moreover, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid levels gradually increased during infection in the resistant genotype. Coexpression analysis showed that PnWRKY22 acts as a hub gene in the defense response of the resistant genotype. Finally, transiently overexpressing PnWRKY22 increased salicylic acid levels in P. notoginseng leaves. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for studying root rot resistance in P. notoginseng.To elucidate the unknown regulatory mechanisms involved in aluminum (Al)-induced expression of POLYGALACTURONASE-INHIBITING PROTEIN 1 (PGIP1), which is one of the downstream genes of SENSITIVE TO PROTON RHIZOTOXICITY 1 (STOP1) regulating Al-tolerance genes, we conducted a genome-wide association analysis of gene expression levels (eGWAS) of PGIP1 in the shoots under Al stress using 83 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions. The eGWAS, conducted through a mixed linear model, revealed 17 suggestive SNPs across the genome having the association with the expression level variation in PGIP1. The GWAS-detected SNPs were directly located inside transcription factors and other genes involved in stress signaling, which were expressed in response to Al. These candidate genes carried different expression level and amino acid polymorphisms. Among them, three genes encoding NAC domain-containing protein 27 (NAC027), TRX superfamily protein, and R-R-type MYB protein were associated with the suppression of PGIP1 expression in their mutants, and accordingly, the system affected Al tolerance. We also found the involvement of Al-induced endogenous nitric oxide (NO) signaling, which induces NAC027 and R-R-type MYB genes to regulate PGIP1 expression. In this study, we provide genetic evidence that STOP1-independent NO signaling pathway and STOP1-dependent regulation in phosphoinositide (PI) signaling pathway are involved in the regulation of PGIP1 expression under Al stress.The vascular bundles of rice panicles serve to connect the source and the sink, as well as serving as a channel for the transportation of materials. In this study, two homozygous japonica rice strains were used as materials. The vascular bundle structures of the branches in different positions within a rice panicle were observed, and their cross-sectional areas were calculated. In addition, the ultrastructure of the central large vascular bundle (LVB) phloem in the rachillae of superior spikelets (SS) and inferior spikelets (IS) was observed during the grain filling period. Moreover, the soluble sugar and protein contents of the SS and IS rachillae were also measured to study whether the differences in the structure of vascular bundles of the branches were related to the plumpness of grain at different positions. The results showed that vascular bundle cross-sectional areas of the basal primary branches were greater than those in the upper primary branches. Moreover, there was little difference in the areas oe IS rachillae and their poor physiology and lack of ability to transport at the initial filling stages could be the limiting factor in IS plumpness.Verticillium dahliae is a soil-borne fungus that causes vascular wilt through the roots of plants. Verticillium wilt caused by V. dahliae is one of the main diseases in cotton producing areas of the world, resulting in huge economic losses. Breeding resistant varieties is the most economical and effective method to control Verticillium wilt. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) play a pivotal role in plant innate immunity, including regulation of oxidative burst, gene expression as well as hormone signal transduction. However, the function of cotton CDPKs in response to V. dahliae stress remains unexplored. In this study, 96, 44 and 57 CDPKs were identified from Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium raimondii and Gossypium arboretum, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these CDPKs could be divided into four branches. All GhCDPKs of the same clade are generally similar in gene structure and conserved domain arrangement. Cis-acting elements related to hormones, stress response, cell cycle and development were predicted in the promoter region. The expression of GhCDPKs could be regulated by various stresses. Gh_D11G188500.1 and Gh_A11G186100.1 was up-regulated under Vd0738 and Vd991 stress. Further phosphoproteomics analysis showed that Gh_A11G186100.1 (named as GhCDPK28-6) was phosphorylated under the stress of V. this website dahliae. Knockdown of GhCDPK28-6 expression, the content of reactive oxygen species was increased, a series of defense responses were enhanced, and the sensitivity of cotton to V. dahliae was reduced. Moreover, overexpression of GhCDPK28-6 in Arabidopsis thaliana weakened the resistance of plants to this pathogen. Subcellular localization revealed that GhCDPK28-6 was localized in the cell membrane. We also found that GhPBL9 and GhRPL12C may interact with GhCDPK28-6. These results indicate that GhCDPK28-6 is a potential molecular target for improving resistance to Verticillium wilt in cotton. This lays a foundation for breeding disease-resistant varieties.Cassava breeders have made significant progress in developing new genotypes with improved agronomic characteristics such as improved root yield and resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses. However, these new and improved cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) varieties in cultivation in Nigeria have undergone little or no improvement in their culinary qualities; hence, there is a paucity of genetic information regarding the texture of boiled cassava, particularly with respect to its mealiness, the principal sensory quality attribute of boiled cassava roots. The current study aimed at identifying genomic regions and polymorphisms associated with natural variation for root mealiness and other texture-related attributes of boiled cassava roots, which includes fibre, adhesiveness (ADH), taste, aroma, colour, and firmness. We performed a genome-wide association (GWAS) analysis using phenotypic data from a panel of 142 accessions obtained from the National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike, Nigeria,election (MAS) and genomic selection (GS) to accelerate genetic improvement of root mealiness and other culinary qualities in cassava breeding programmes in West Africa, especially in Nigeria, where the consumption of boiled and pounded cassava is low.Continued yield increases of maize (Zea mays L.) will require higher planting populations, and enhancement of other agronomic inputs could alleviate density-induced stress. Row spacing, plant population, P-S-Zn fertility, K-B fertility, N fertility, and foliar protection were evaluated for their individual and cumulative impacts on the productivity of maize in a maize-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation. An incomplete factorial design with these agronomic factors in both 0.76 and 0.51 m row widths was implemented for 13 trials in Illinois, United States, from 2014 to 2018. The agronomic treatments were compared to two controls enhanced and standard, comprising all the factors applied at the enhanced or standard level, respectively. The 0.51 m enhanced management control yielded 3.3 Mg ha-1 (1.8-4.6 Mg ha-1 across the environments) more grain (25%) than the 0.76 m standard management control, demonstrating the apparent yield gap between traditional farm practices and attainable yield through enhanced agrpplied in combination with all other enhanced factors than when added individually to the standard input system. Additionally, the full value of high-input agronomic management was only realized when matched with greater plant density.Temperature is one of the decisive environmental factors that is projected to increase by 1. 5°C over the next two decades due to climate change that may affect various agronomic characteristics, such as biomass production, phenology and physiology, and yield-contributing traits in oilseed crops. Oilseed crops such as soybean, sunflower, canola, peanut, cottonseed, coconut, palm oil, sesame, safflower, olive etc., are widely grown. Specific importance is the vulnerability of oil synthesis in these crops against the rise in climatic temperature, threatening the stability of yield and quality. The natural defense system in these crops cannot withstand the harmful impacts of heat stress, thus causing a considerable loss in seed and oil yield. Therefore, a proper understanding of underlying mechanisms of genotype-environment interactions that could affect oil synthesis pathways is a prime requirement in developing stable cultivars. Heat stress tolerance is a complex quantitative trait controlled by many genes and is challenging to study and characterize.
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