Notes

Make muscle tissue account activation in the course of scapular protraction exercising together with equip rotation.
Our results add to a fundamental aspect of animal domestication theory the interplay between basic features of the domestic environment-selection for docility, absence of predators and human provision of resources-seems to explain differences in brain size.Social animals are expected to face a trade-off between producing a signal that is detectible by mates and rivals, but not obvious to predators. This trade-off is fundamental for understanding the design of many animal signals, and is often the lens through which the evolution of alternative communication strategies is viewed. We have a reasonable working knowledge of how conspecifics detect signals under different conditions, but how predators exploit conspicuous communication of prey is complex and hard to predict. We quantified predation on 1566 robotic lizard prey that performed a conspicuous visual display, possessed a conspicuous ornament or remained cryptic. Attacks by free-ranging predators were consistent across two contrasting ecosystems and showed robotic prey that performed a conspicuous display were equally likely to be attacked as those that remained cryptic. Furthermore, predators avoided attacking robotic prey with a fixed, highly visible ornament that was novel at both locations. These data show that it is prey familiarity-not conspicuousness-that determine predation risk. These findings replicated across different predator-prey communities not only reveal how conspicuous signals might evolve in high predation environments, but could help resolve the paradox of aposematism and why some exotic species avoid predation when invading new areas.Many animals mimic dangerous or undesirable prey as a defence from predators. We would expect predators to reliably avoid animals that closely resemble dangerous prey, yet imperfect mimics are common across a wide taxonomic range. There have been many hypotheses suggested to explain imperfect mimicry, but comparative tests across multiple mimicry systems are needed to determine which are applicable, and which-if any-represent general principles governing imperfect mimicry. We tested four hypotheses on Australian ant mimics and found support for only one of them the information limitation hypothesis. A predator with incomplete information will be unable to discriminate some poor mimics from their models. We further present a simple model to show that predators are likely to operate with incomplete information because they forage and make decisions while they are learning, so might never learn to properly discriminate poor mimics from their models. We found no evidence that one accurate mimetic trait can compensate for, or constrain, another, or that rapid movement reduces selection pressure for good mimicry. We argue that information limitation may be a general principle behind imperfect mimicry of complex traits, while interactions between components of mimicry are unlikely to provide a general explanation for imperfect mimicry.Some researchers posit population continuity between Late Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers of the late Pleistocene and Holocene agriculturalists from Lower (northern) Nubia, in northeast Africa. Substantial craniodental differences in these time-successive groups are suggested to result from in situ evolution. Specifically, these populations are considered a model example for subsistence-related selection worldwide in the transition to agriculture. Others question continuity, with findings indicating that the largely homogeneous Holocene populations differ significantly from late Pleistocene Lower Nubians. If the latter are representative of the local populace, post-Pleistocene discontinuity is implied. So who was ancestral to the Holocene agriculturalists? Dental morphological analyses of 18 samples (1075 individuals), including one dated to the 12th millennium BCE from Al Khiday, near the Upper Nubian border, may provide an answer. It is the first Late Palaeolithic sample (n = 55) recovered within the region in approximately 50 years. Using the Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System to record traits and multivariate statistics to estimate biological affinities, Al Khiday is comparable to several Holocene samples, yet also highly divergent from contemporaneous Lower Nubians. Thus, population continuity is indicated after all, but with late Pleistocene Upper-rather than Lower Nubians as originally suggested-assuming dental traits are adequate proxies for ancient DNA.The ability to clone oneself has clear benefits-no need for mate hunting or dilution of one's genome in offspring. It is therefore unsurprising that some populations of haplo-diploid social insects have evolved thelytokous parthenogenesis-the virgin birth of a female. But thelytokous parthenogenesis has a downside the loss of heterozygosity (LoH) as a consequence of genetic recombination. LoH in haplo-diploid insects can be highly deleterious because female sex determination often relies on heterozygosity at sex-determining loci. The two female castes of the Cape honeybee, Apis mellifera capensis, differ in their mode of reproduction. While workers always reproduce thelytokously, queens always mate and reproduce sexually. For workers, it is important to reduce the frequency of recombination so as to not produce offspring that are homozygous. Here, we ask whether recombination rates differ between Cape workers and Cape queens that we experimentally manipulated to reproduce thelytokously. We tested our hypothesis that Cape workers have evolved mechanisms that restrain genetic recombination, whereas queens have no need for such mechanisms because they reproduce sexually. Using a combination of microsatellite genotyping and whole-genome sequencing we find that a reduction in recombination is confined to workers only.Aim Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of genicular nerves can treat refractory chronic knee pain. This study evaluated association between patient and procedural characteristics and pain improvement after genicular nerve RFA. Materials & methods A retrospective chart review. Data were extracted from patients who underwent thermal or cooled RFA of the knee. Results A total of 124 patients were included. 81% of patients reported ≥75% pain relief after diagnostic nerve blocks. 35% reported ≥50% pain reduction from the RFA. Predictors of improved pain outcomes included higher baseline pain, no depression and thermal (vs cooled) RFA. Sodium hydroxide cost Conclusion Identifying patients who may benefit the most from genicular RFA is still not clear. Pain reduction differences between patients with and without depression and RFA type deserves further exploration.Aim To assess the perception of telehealth visits among a multiracial cancer population during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted at outpatient cancer clinics in Hawaii between March and August 2020. Patients were invited to participate in the survey either by phone or email. Results Of the 212 survey respondents, 61.3% were Asian, 23.6% were White and 15.1% were Native Hawaiians or Pacific Islanders. Asians, Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders were less likely to desire future telehealth visits compared with Whites. Predictors with regard to preferring future telehealth visits included lower income and hematopoietic cancers. Conclusion The authors found racial differences in preference for telehealth. Future studies aimed at overcoming these racial disparities are needed to provide equitable oncology care.Aims Opioid-reduced anesthesia (ORA) was suggested to decrease morphine consumption after adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) surgery and incidence of chronic pain. Materials & methods A prospective analysis using the ORA in AIS surgery was performed. Two cohorts were compared a control group (opioid-based anesthesia) and the ORA group. The main outcome was morphine consumption at day 1. Results 33 patients operated for AIS using ORA were compared with 36 with opioid-based anesthesia. Morphine consumption was decreased in the ORA group (1.1 mg.kg-1 [0.2-2] vs 0.8 mg.kg-1 [0.3-2]; p = 0.02) at day 1. Persistent neuropathic pain at 1 year was decreased in the ORA group (p = 0.02). Conclusion The ORA protocol is efficient to reduce postoperative morphine consumption in AIS surgery and preventing neuropathic pain.Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by atypical functional connectivity (FC) within and between distributed brain networks. However, FC findings have often been inconsistent, possibly due to focus on static FC rather than brain dynamics. Lagged connectivity analyses aim to evaluate temporal latency, and presumably neural propagation, between regions. This approach may therefore reveal a more detailed picture of network organization in ASD than traditional FC methods. The current study evaluated whole-brain lag patterns in adolescents with ASD (n = 28) and their typically developing peers (n = 22). Functional MRI data were collected during rest and during a lexico-semantic decision task. Optimal lag was calculated for each pair of regions of interest using cross-covariance, and mean latency projections were calculated for each region. Latency projections did not regionally differ between groups, with the same regions emerging among the 'earliest' and 'latest.' Although many of the longest absolute latencies were preserved across resting-state and task conditions, lag patterns overall were affected by condition, as many regions shifted toward zero-lag during task performance. Lag structure was also strongly associated with literature-derived estimates of arterial transit time. Results suggest that lag patterns are broadly typical in ASD but undergo changes during task performance. Moreover, lag patterns appear to reflect a combination of neural and vascular sources, which should be carefully considered when interpreting lagged FC.Introduction Lateralization in brain function has been associated with age and sex in previous work; however, there has been less focus on lateralization of functional networks during development. Aim We aim to examine laterality in typical development; a clearer understanding of how and to what extent functional brain networks are lateralized in typical development may eventually prove to hold predictive information in psychopathology. Material and Methods In this study, we examine the lateralization of resting-state networks assessed with a group-independent component analysis using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging from a large cohort consisting of 774 children, ages 6-10 years. This is an extension of our previous work on normal aging in adults, where we now assess whether there are similar patterns in children. Results Unlike the results from our study of healthy aging in adults, which showed a decrease in laterality with increasing age, in this study we found both decreases and increaseventually prove to hold predictive information in psychopathology. In this study, we examine the lateralization of resting-state networks assessed with a group-independent component analysis using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging from a large cohort consisting of 774 children, ages 6-10 years.
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