Notes

Position in the planar mobile polarity gene Necessary protein tyrosine kinase Several in sensory conduit disorders in human beings.
for use that may help us better understand strategies for prevention and treatment of tobacco use disorder. This review is the first on this topic and could provide further insight on patterns of e-cigarette use across gender.A total of 4,846 (84.5±87.15, 3-429 mean±SD, range) subadult or adult Dirofilaria ursi were recovered from 56 American black bears (Ursus americanus) in Ontario, 1975-77. Yearling bears had fewer worms than older bears; age classes greater than 2.5 yr had similar numbers of worms. Dead worms comprised 3.7% of all worms. There was one dead worm in total in 10 yearling bears and consistently more dead worms in older bears. The occurrence of worms within local sites in bears differed over time. Increasing numbers of worms appeared first in peritracheal sites (Site 1) following 1-3 seasons of transmission, in abundance in perirenal sites (Site 2) following the second season of transmission, and in lateral and ventral trunk and abdomen plus medio-proximal legs (Site 3) following three and four seasons of transmission. Few worms occupied other sites (Site 4). The proportion of worms recovered from the four sites was 46, 30, 19.8, and 3.9%, respectively. Dead worms comprised only 3.2% of worms in the first three definitive sites but 14% of worms in other sites. These data are consistent with primary, secondary, and tertiary site preferences for mature D. ursi in this species. Circulating microfilaremia in peripheral blood was periodic in 7/10 experiments and revealed a pattern of variable numbers during the day, highest in the evening and lowest during the night. The time of high density of microfilariae in peripheral blood was synchronous with the feeding cycle of Simulium venustum, the vector of D. ursi. Immediately postmortem, microfilariae were at highest densities in blood of lungs regardless of their relative density in peripheral blood. These data can direct diagnostic efforts to maximize detection of adult D. ursi in tissues and larvae in blood samples of naturally infected bears.
Improving maternal health and achieving universal health coverage (UHC) are important expectations in the global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) agenda. While health insurance has been shown as effective in the utilisation of maternal healthcare, there is a paucity of literature on this relationship in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). check details We examined the relationship between health insurance coverage and maternal healthcare utilisation using demographic and health survey data.

This was a cross-sectional study of 195 651 women aged 15-49 y from 28 countries in SSA. We adopted bivariable and multivariable analyses comprising χ2 test and multilevel binary logistic regression in analysing the data.

The prevalence of maternal healthcare utilisation was 58, 70.6 and 40.7% for antenatal care (ANC), skilled birth attendance (SBA) and postnatal care (PNC), respectively. The prevalence of health insurance coverage was 6.4%. Women covered by health insurance were more likely to utilise ANC (adjusted OR [aOR]=1.48, 95% CI 1.41 to 1.54), SBA (aOR=1.37, 95% CI 1.30 to 1.45) and PNC (aOR=1.42, 95% CI 1.37 to 1.48).

Health insurance coverage was an important predictor of maternal healthcare utilisation in our study. To accelerate progress towards the achievement of SDG 3 targets related to the reduction of maternal mortality and achievement of UHC, countries should adopt interventions to increase maternal insurance coverage, which may lead to higher maternal healthcare access and utilisation during pregnancy.
Health insurance coverage was an important predictor of maternal healthcare utilisation in our study. To accelerate progress towards the achievement of SDG 3 targets related to the reduction of maternal mortality and achievement of UHC, countries should adopt interventions to increase maternal insurance coverage, which may lead to higher maternal healthcare access and utilisation during pregnancy.
System navigation programs are becoming more available to meet the needs of patients with complex care needs. The aim of this review was to systematically assess the outcomes of navigation programs for persons with dementia and their family caregivers.

A systematic review methodology was employed. Ten databases were searched for all relevant articles published until October 30, 2021. English-language full text articles were included if they focused on implemented navigation program(s) that primarily supported persons with dementia who were aged 50 or older. Methodological quality was assessed by at two independent raters using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database Scale, the STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology checklist and The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool.

Fourteen articles were included in the review. There was Level 1 evidence for the benefits of system navigation programs on delaying institutionalization, wherein benefits appeared to be specific to interventions that had an in-person component. There was Level 1 (n=4) and Level 3 (n=1) evidence on service use from time of diagnosis to continued management of dementia. Finally, Level 1 to Level 5 evidence indicated a number of benefits on caregiver outcomes.

There is strong evidence on the benefits of system navigation for people with dementia on delaying institutionalization and caregiver outcomes, but outcomes across other domains (i.e., functional independence) are less clear, which may be due to the varied approaches within system navigation models of care.
There is strong evidence on the benefits of system navigation for people with dementia on delaying institutionalization and caregiver outcomes, but outcomes across other domains (i.e., functional independence) are less clear, which may be due to the varied approaches within system navigation models of care.
To describe the implementation of a pharmacy residency resiliency program (PRRP) for postgraduate year 1 (PGY1) and postgraduate year 2 (PGY2) pharmacy residents, including program structure, strengths and weaknesses/limitations, resident perceptions as captured by a postprogram survey, generalizability to other institutions, and opportunities for future directions.

Pharmacy residents face significant pressure, workload, and stressors that put them at risk for burnout and depression. While resiliency has been a major area of focus to help combat these risks for healthcare professionals, little has been published regarding formal, structured resiliency training in pharmacy, especially in pharmacy residency programs. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) residency standards recommend that programs consider education related to burnout prevention and that mitigation strategies be provided to residents and other pharmacy personnel, but no formal pharmacy-specific programs or strategies have been established. We implemented a 12-month PRRP for PGY1 and PGY2 pharmacy residents and conducted a postprogram survey to assess resident perceptions and to identify areas for growth.

Implementation of a PRRP was feasible and could be replicated at other institutions. Residents in our program reported a high level of satisfaction, skills gained, and positive attributes of the addition of the PRRP. Some notable factors contributing to success included the program's longitudinal nature, use of a nonpharmacy facilitator, and impactful content from an established resiliency skills curriculum.
Implementation of a PRRP was feasible and could be replicated at other institutions. Residents in our program reported a high level of satisfaction, skills gained, and positive attributes of the addition of the PRRP. Some notable factors contributing to success included the program's longitudinal nature, use of a nonpharmacy facilitator, and impactful content from an established resiliency skills curriculum.
Tobacco use is driven by nicotine, which can enhance the ability of non-nicotine stimuli, including aversive stimuli, to alter behavior. Sex differences exist in the reinforcement enhancement properties of nicotine, but the degree to which this extends to nicotine's ability to enhance behavior driven by aversive stimuli is unclear.

The current study used adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats to explore sex differences in nicotine enhancement of footshock (FS)-conditioned place avoidance. FS-conditioned and control rats were tested for conditioned avoidance of FS- or control-paired chambers after injections of saline or nicotine (0.3 mg/kg, subcutaneously).

FS supported place avoidance in both male and female rats, and nicotine enhanced avoidance. Females showed more avoidance after nicotine than males, even in nonconditioned control rats.

These results support the idea that sex differences do exist in nicotine enhancement of aversive stimuli, and suggest the mechanisms through which nicotine supports tobacco dependence in males and females may differ.

Nicotine enhancement of nondrug stimuli is thought to play a role in tobacco dependence. Yet previous research of enhancement has overwhelmingly used male subjects and appetitive stimuli. Our findings confirm that nicotine also enhances behavior driven by aversive stimuli, and suggests that females may be more susceptible to nicotine enhancement. Such sex differences suggest sex may be an important factor to consider in treating dependence.
Nicotine enhancement of nondrug stimuli is thought to play a role in tobacco dependence. Yet previous research of enhancement has overwhelmingly used male subjects and appetitive stimuli. Our findings confirm that nicotine also enhances behavior driven by aversive stimuli, and suggests that females may be more susceptible to nicotine enhancement. Such sex differences suggest sex may be an important factor to consider in treating dependence.White-nose syndrome (WNS) is an emerging fungal epizootic disease that has caused large-scale mortality in several species of North American bats. The fungus that causes WNS, Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd), has also been detected in bat species without diagnostic signs of WNS. Although these species could play a role in WNS spread, understanding of the spatial and temporal extents of Pd occurrence on WNS-resistant species is limited. This study evaluated the presence of Pd on 272 individuals of three species of migratory tree-roosting bats hoary (Lasiurus cinereus), eastern red (Lasiurus borealis), and silver-haired (Lasionycteris noctivagans) bats, obtained opportunistically during summer and autumn from throughout much of their ranges in North America. We also compared tissue sampling protocols (i.e., tissue swabbing, fur swabbing, and DNA extraction of excised wing tissue). We detected Pd on three eastern red bats from Illinois and Ohio, US, one silver-haired bat from West Virginia, US, and one hoary bat from New York, US, all via DNA extracted from wing tissue of carcasses. These results document the first publicly reported detections of Pd on a hoary bat and on migratory bats during the autumn migratory period, and demonstrate the potential for using carcasses salvaged at wind-energy facilities to monitor for Pd.Iodine promotes the in situ formation of iron(II) species from η4-vinylketene[Fe(CO)3] (3a-h) as a key intermediate for the synthesis of 2(5H)-furanones (4a-h) by a sequential water-insertion/carbon-oxygen coupling under mild reaction conditions. Compounds 4a-h were obtained in good to excellent yields. A possible reaction pathway was also proposed by DFT calculations. This methodology can be extended to the synthesis of (5H)-pyrrol-2-ones using anilines, with moderate yields and a few limitations.
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