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Learning a new mathematical notion: The role regarding working memory space in addition to domain-specific capabilities.
Silver nanowire films are good candidates to be used as transparent conductive films that could be widely utilized in organic photoelectronic devices such as polymer solar cells. However, their application is usually limited, as they are mainly used as top electrode materials; otherwise, they would be prone to complex transferring processes. In this study, we successfully prepared device-level ZnO-covered silver nanowire (AgNWs/ZnO) films. ZnO was prepared by a spray pyrolysis method using zinc-ammonia solution at a relatively low temperature (95°C). The films showed good adhesive properties to the glass substrate, considering it withstood the process of applying polyimide tapes on the surface and tearing them off more than 100 times. It also exhibited good conductivity (∼24 Ω/sq) with high transmittance in the visible range (>80%). After a simple polish and patterning, AgNWs/ZnO showed a good performance as a sub-electrode for polymer solar cells. The PM6Y6 devices achieved a high power conversion efficiency of 8.37% with an open-circuit voltage of 0.81 V, a short-circuit current density of 18.18 mA/cm2, and a yield of 81.25%. This indicates that the technology has a good prospect of large-scale fabrication of organic photoelectronic devices.Temperature reflects the balance between production and dissipate of heat. Flexible temperature sensors are primary sensors used for temperature monitoring. To obtain real-time and accurate information of temperature, different flexible temperature sensors are developed according to the principle of flexible resistance temperature detector (FRTC), flexible thermocouple, flexible thermistor and flexible thermochromic, showing great potential in energy conversion and storage. find more In order to obtain high integration and multifunction, various flexible temperature sensors are studied and optimized, including active-matrix flexible temperature sensor, self-powered flexible temperature sensor, self-healing flexible temperature sensor and self-cleaning flexible temperature sensor. This review focuses on the structure, material, fabrication and performance of flexible temperature sensors. Also, some typical applications of flexible temperature sensors are discussed and summarized.[This corrects the article DOI 10.3389/fpubh.2021.675766.].Aim The study aim was to assess the association of vitamin D supplementation before hospital admission and severe outcomes in subjects admitted for COVID-19. Methods We performed a cross-sectional analysis of pseudonymised medical record data from subjects admitted to the Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (Barcelona, Spain) for COVID-19 during March and April 2020. The composite primary study outcome was defined as death and/or invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Association between risk factors and study outcomes was evaluated by bivariate analysis, followed by logistic regression analysis. Results In total, 1,267 persons were hospitalised during the observation period. Overall, 14.9% of the subjects were on active vitamin D supplementation treatment before admission. The subjects in the vitamin D group were significantly older than subjects without vitamin D supplementation. We observed higher rates of the primary outcome (death and/or IMV) among the persons with previous use of vitamin D (30.1 vs. 22.9% in those not receiving treatment). In the bivariate analysis, previous use of vitamin D was positively associated with death and/or IMV [odds ratio (OR) 1.45 95% CI 1.03; 2.04]; however, after adjustment for other risk factors this association disappeared (OR 1.09 95%CI 0.65; 1.81). Conclusion We did not find an association between vitamin D supplementation before hospital admission and death and/or IMV in subjects admitted for COVID-19. The age and the burden of age-associated comorbidities were independently associated with the in-hospital events.This study assessed fear of the novel coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19), preventive COVID-19 infection behaviors, and the association between fear of COVID-19 and preventive COVID-19 infection behaviors among older people in Iran and Taiwan. Older people aged over 60 years (n = 144 for Iranians and 139 for Taiwanese) completed the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) and two items on preventive COVID-19 infection behaviors (i.e., hand washing and mouth covering when sneezing). Iranian older people had a significantly higher level of fear of COVID-19 than did Taiwanese older people. Moreover, Iranian older people had significantly lower frequencies of preventive COVID-19 infection behaviors than did Taiwanese older people. Different timings in implementing COVID-19 infection control policies in Iran and Taiwan may explain why Iranian older people had greater fear of COVID-19 and lower preventive COVID-19 infection behaviors than did Taiwanese older people.Background School-based green space activities have been found to be beneficial to the physical activity level and lifestyle habits of adolescent students. However, their effects on green space use and satisfaction, mental health, and dietary behaviors required further investigation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of school-based hydroponic planting integrated with health promotion activities in improving green space use, competence and satisfaction, healthy lifestyle, mental health, and health-related quality of life (QoL) among early adolescent students in secondary schools. Methods This study adopted a three-group comparison design (one control and two intervention groups). Secondary school students (N = 553) of grades 7-9 participated in either (1) hydroponic planting (two times per week for 8 months) integrated with health promotion activities; (2) only health promotion activities (one time per week for 6 weeks); or (3) control group. Outcomes assessed by questionnaire included green space ud trial that could fit school schedules to generate new evidence for physical and mental health in adolescent communities.Objectives To investigate the communication mechanism between international students and Chinese physicians by evaluating the influence of the transaction process on patient satisfaction, self-rating anxiety and self-efficacy. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among international students living in Central, Northern and Eastern China; enrolled at Chinese universities and experienced outpatient and inpatient healthcare services. Guided by the elements of King's transaction process IR, Initiating and Responding; IP, Identifying Problems; MGS, Mutual Goal Setting; and EM, Exploring means and agreeing on means to achieve goals. We used spearman correlation analysis to calculate the correlation of the variables patient satisfaction, self-efficacy, transaction process, IR, IP, MGS, and EM and regression analysis to measure the influence of transaction process on patient satisfaction, self-rating anxiety and self-efficacy. Results Four hundred and four (404) participants were investigated for this study.A worsening trend of critical shortages in senior health care workers across low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in sub-Saharan Africa has been documented for decades. This is especially the case in Ethiopia that has severe shortage of mental health professionals. Consistent with the WHO recommended approach of task sharing for mental health care in LMICs, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), which is an empirically validated psychological intervention aimed at increasing psychological flexibility, may be delivered by trained laypersons who have a grassroots presence. In this paper, we discuss the need for and potential role of ACT to be delivered by health extension workers (HEWs) to address mental health care needs across Ethiopia. To this end, we also reviewed previous studies that have examined the effectiveness of ACT-based interventions in African countries including in Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda, and South Africa. All studies revealed significant improvements of various mental health-related outcome measures such as decreased psychological distress and depressive symptoms, or increased subjective wellbeing and life satisfaction in the groups that received an ACT-based intervention. However, to date, there is no study that applied ACT in Ethiopia. Thus, more research is warranted to examine the effectiveness and, if proven successful, to scale up a task sharing approach of an ACT-based intervention being delivered by trained HEWs at a grassroots level, possibly paving the way for an innovative, sustainable mental health service in Ethiopia as well as other African LMICs.Objectives This study evaluated the long-term cost-effectiveness of ultrasound screening for thyroid cancer compared with non-screening in asymptomatic adults. Methods Applying a Markov decision-tree model with effectiveness and cost data from literature, we compared the long-term cost-effectiveness of the two strategies ultrasound screening and non-screening for thyroid cancer. A one-way sensitivity analysis and a probabilistic sensitivity analysis were performed to verify the stability of model results. Results The cumulative cost of screening for thyroid cancer was $18,819.24, with 18.74 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), whereas the cumulative cost of non-screening was $15,864.28, with 18.71 QALYs. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $106,947.50/QALY greatly exceeded the threshold of $50,000. The result of the one-way sensitivity analysis showed that the utility values of benign nodules and utility of health after thyroid cancer surgery would affect the results. Conclusions Ultrasound screening for thyroid cancer has no obvious advantage in terms of cost-effectiveness compared with non-screening. The optimized thyroid screening strategy for a specific population is essential.Background COVID-19 is a global pandemic and vaccination efforts may be impeded by vaccine hesitancy. The present study examined willingness to receive a COVID-19 vaccine, the associated reasons for willingness/unwillingness, and vaccine safety perceptions in a cross-sectional assessment of community adults in Ontario. Methods One thousand three hundred sixty seven individuals (60.6% female, mean age = 37.5%) participated in this study between January 15, 2021 and February 15, 2021. Perceptions of vaccine safety and reasons for willingness/unwillingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccine were investigated using an online assessment. Perceptions were investigated in general and by age, sex and education using analysis of variance. Results Overall, 82.8% of the sample reported they were willing to receive a COVID-19 vaccine and 17.2% reported they were unwilling. The three most common reasons for unwillingness were long-term side effects (65.5%), immediate side effects (60.5%), and lack of trust in the vaccine (55.2%). Vaccine willingness significantly differed by sex and education level, with female participants and those with less than a bachelor's degree being more likely to report unwillingness. Perception of COVID-19 vaccine safety was significantly lower (-10.3%) than vaccines in general and differed by age, sex and education, with females, older adults, and individuals with less than a bachelor's degree reporting lower perceived COVID-19 vaccine safety. Conclusion In this sample of community adults, the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy rate was less than one in five individuals, but with higher rates in population subgroups. Targeting public health messaging to females and individuals with less than bachelor's degree, and addressing concerns about long-term and immediate side effects may increase vaccine uptake.
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