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The function of Coinfections within the EBV-Host Damaged Sense of balance.
This treatment approach is proved to be a potent candidate to accurately realize spatiotemporal control, while effectively eradicating multidrug-resistant bacteria and inhibiting antibiotic resistance. Herein, we summarize the latest progress of NIR light-based bacterial disinfection. Ultimately, current challenges and perspectives in this field are discussed.Pathogens on wounds and infected tissues or pathogens in drinking water or public facilities have been doing great harm in human life. Because of booming drug resistance and superbacteria, the abuse or excessive use of antibiotics during systemic treatment has caused a global antibiotic crisis. However, it usually takes a long time to develop antibiotics. In recent years, photocatalytic antibacterial agents have no drug resistance and side-effects due to their rapid and efficient bactericidal efficacy. They are becoming one of the most hopeful substitutions to antibiotics for dealing with the bacterial diseases and water pollution caused by certain pathogens. Photocatalysis has unique advantages in the field of antibacterials, and its controllability plays an irreplaceable role. This review focuses on the mechanism of photocatalysis, which involves representative photocatalytic semiconductors (metal oxides, metal sulfides, carbon nitride, heterojunction composite materials) and organics (organic polymers and organic small molecules-aggregation induced emission) as well as their photocatalytic antibacterial mechanism. In this paper, we summarize the photocatalytic antibacterial mechanisms by the numbers and current developing of photocatalytic antimicrobial materials applications. Current difficulties and expectations for the future in these fields are presented to stimulate the developing of material manufacturing technologies and their industrialization to combat bacterial infections. In addition, potential application limitations and future research potential are highlighted.The outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has transformed the daily lifestyles of people worldwide. COVID-19 was characterized as a pandemic owing to its global spread, and technologies based on engineered materials that help to reduce the spread of infections have been reported. Nanotechnology present in materials with enhanced physicochemical properties and versatile chemical functionalization offer numerous ways to combat the disease. Facemasks are a reliable preventive measure, although they are not 100% effective against viral infections. Nonwoven materials, which are the key components of masks, act as barriers to the virus through filtration. However, there is a high chance of cross-infection because the used mask lacks virucidal properties and can become an additional source of infection. The combination of antiviral and filtration properties enhances the durability and reliability of masks, thereby reducing the likelihood of cross-infection. In this review, we focus on masks, from the manufacturing stage to practical applications, and their abilities to combat COVID-19. Herein, we discuss the impacts of masks on the environment, while considering safe industrial production in the future. Furthermore, we discuss available options for future research directions that do not negatively impact the environment.Infectious diseases are a worldwide concern. They are responsible for increasing the mortality rate and causing economic and social problems. Viral epidemics and pandemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, force the scientific community to consider molecules with antiviral activity. A number of viral infections still do not have a vaccine or efficient treatment and it is imperative to search for vaccines to control these infections. In this context, nanotechnology in association with the design of vaccines has presented an option for virus control. Nanovaccines have displayed an impressive immune response using a low dosage. This review aims to describe the advances and update the data in studies using nanovaccines and their immunomodulatory effect against human viruses.Infectious diseases have become a severe global public health problem. Timely and accurate diagnosis of infected individuals is the key step to control the spread of infectious diseases. Nanosensors that combine the advantages of nanomaterials and biosensing technology have been utilized for sensitive, selective, and rapid disease diagnosis and gained great attention within the chemistry, biology, and medical communities. This review presents a broad overview of a wide range of nanosensors for diagnosis of infectious diseases using different methodologies. We also outline point-of-care nanosensing methods and discuss their use in pathogen detection. This review concludes with challenges and opportunities for diagnosis of infectious diseases using nanosensors.Infections have accounted for the majority of failures in implants over the past decades. Host defense peptide mimicking polymers have been considered as one of the promising antimicrobial candidates for their cost-effective synthesis, broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, low propensity to induce drug resistance, and remarkable biocompatibility. In this review, covalent-grafting strategies are mainly discussed to tether host defense peptide mimicking polymers on surfaces, aiming to obtain potent antimicrobial activity. In addition to the antimicrobial function, we review the antimicrobial mechanism of these polymer-modified antimicrobial surfaces in precedent literatures. We also review the in vivo subcutaneous implant infection models that are critical assessments for potential biomedical applications. In the end, we provide our perspective on the future development of this field, especially for biomedical applications.Rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA is critical for reducing the global transmission of COVID-19. Here, we report a simple and versatile assay for detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA based on aligner-mediated cleavage-based strand displacement amplification (AMC-SDA). The entire amplification procedure takes less than 25 min without professional instruments or requirement of specific target sequences and can reach a limit of detection of attomolar RNA concentration. Using pseudovirus as mimicry of clinical SARS-CoV-2 positive samples, we achieved a diagnostic accuracy of 100% in 10 simulated samples (five positive and five negative). We anticipate that our method will provide a universal platform for rapid and accurate detection of emerging infectious diseases.Root canal (RC) therapy is the primary treatment of dental-pulp and periapical diseases. The mechanical method and chemical irrigation have limitations in RC therapy. Much attention has focused on exploring more controllable and efficacious antimicrobial methods. Although the introduction of photodynamic therapy (PDT) has provided the ideas for RC debridement, the problems of low photosensitive efficiency and nonsignificant germicidal potency of traditional photosensitizers (e.g., methylene blue) have not been solved. Since the concept of "aggregation-induced emission" (AIE) was proposed, optimization of photosensitizers has been boosted considerably. Herein, an AIE photosensitizer, DPA-SCP, with a strong ability to generate singlet oxygen, is proposed for use as an antibacterial application in infected RCs. The antimicrobial activity of DPA-SCP against Enterococcus faecalis suspensions was tested. To explore the antibacterial ability of this photosensitizer against bacterial-biofilm colonization on the inner walls of RCs, we established a model of bacterial biofilm infection. PDT mediated by DPA-SCP had a significant germicidal effect on E. faecalis suspensions and 21-day biofilms in human RCs. PDT mediated by DPA-SCP could achieve efficiency equivalent to that observed using 1% NaOCl, and lead to no significant change in the dentin surface, chemical corrosion, or cytotoxicity.Infection with the Zika virus (ZIKV) is an ongoing problem especially as accurate, cost-effective testing remains unresolved. see more In addition, coinfection occurs with both the Dengue virus (DENV) and ZIKV which leads to cross-reactivity between the flaviviruses and can result in false positives and inaccurate testing. This supports the current need for a simple assay that can detect Zika antibodies sensitively that at the same time can differentiate between cross-reactive antibodies. In this study, we developed customizable magnetic relaxation nanosensors (MRnS) conjugated to various ligands, which included ZIKV (ZENV, zika domain III and NS1) and DENV proteins for specific detection of cross-reactive Zika and Dengue antibodies. Binding interactions between functional MRnS and corresponding targets resulted in the change in spin-spin magnetic relaxation time (T2MR) of water protons, allowing for a rapid and simple means by which these interactions were detected and quantified. Our results show the detection of Zika antibodies within minutes at concentrations as low as 20 nM and display high specificity, reproducibility, and analytical sensitivity. Furthermore, a mixture of functional MRnS was used for the one-step simultaneous detection and differentiation of Zika and Dengue infections. These results demonstrate high specificity and sensitivity for the detection of ZIKV and DENV despite coinfections in both simple and complex media. Overall, our magnetic nanoplatform could be used as a rapid and sensitive assay for the detection of not only Zika- and Dengue-related testing but can be further applied to serological samples of any other pathogens.Cholelithiasis with chronic cholecystitis is prevalent and threatens human health. Most cholecystitis caused by bacterial infection or biofilms is accompanied by gallstones in the clinic, making gallbladder removal the only effective solution. Here, we provide a strategy to eliminate gallstone biofilms and dissolve gallstones by oral administration of a supernatant derived from nanoscale iron sulfide (nFeS supernatant). First, by using gallstones obtained from the clinic, we simulated biofilm formation on gallstones and tested the antibacterial activity of a nFeS supernatant in vitro. We found that the supernatant kills bacteria with a 5-log reduction in viability and destroys the biofilm structure. Smashed gallstones coincubated with E. coli biofilms promote gallstone formation, while nFeS supernatant can inhibit this process. Second, by using a murine (C57BL/6) model of cholelithiasis and cholecystitis, we tested the antibacterial efficacy and therapeutic effects of nFeS supernatant on cholelithiasis in vivo. Animal experimental data show that oral administration of nFeS supernatant can reduce 60% of bacteria in the gallbladder and, remarkably, remove gallstones with 2 days of treatment compared with clinical drug combinations (chenodeoxycholid acid and ciprofloxacin). Third, by performing protein abundance analysis of L02 cells and mouse livers, we observed the changes in CYP7a1, HMGCR, and SCP2 expression, indicating that the nFeS supernatant can also regulate cholesterol metabolism to prevent gallstone formation. Finally, hematologic biochemistry analysis and high-throughput sequencing technology show that the nFeS supernatant possesses high biocompatibility. Therefore, our work demonstrates that the nFeS supernatant may be a potential regimen for the treatment of cholelithiasis and cholecystitis by oral administration.
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