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Off-label substance abuse within neonates and also children in Spain: A five-year observational research.
Instruments based on the magneto-optical Kerr effect are routinely used to probe surface magnetic properties. These tools rely on the characterization of the polarization state of reflected light from the sample to collect information on its magnetization. Here, we present a theoretical optimization of common setups based on the magneto-optical Kerr effect. A detection scheme based on a simple analyzer and photodetector and one made from a polarizing beam splitter and balanced photodetectors are considered. The effect of including a photoelastic modulator (PEM) and a lock-in amplifier to detect the signal at harmonics of the modulating frequency is studied. Jones formalism is used to derive general expressions that link the intensity of the measured signal to the magneto-optical Fresnel reflection coefficients for any orientation of the polarizing optical components. Optimal configurations are then defined as those that allow measuring the Kerr rotation and ellipticity while minimizing nonmagnetic contributions from the diagonal Fresnel coefficients in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The expressions show that with the PEM, setups based on polarizing beam splitters inherently offer a twofold higher signal than commonly used analyzers, and the experimental results confirm that the SNR is improved by more than 150%. Furthermore, we find that while all proposed detection schemes measure Kerr effects, only those with polarizing beam splitters allow measuring the Kerr rotation directly when no modulator is included. This accommodates, for instance, time-resolved measurements at relatively low laser pulse repetition rates. Ultrafast demagnetization measurements are presented as an example of such applications.The interfacial curvature surrounding colloidal particles pinned to fluid interfaces dictates their interparticle capillary interaction and assembly; however, it is a nontrivial function of particle anisotropy, surface roughness, external field conditions, macroscopic interfacial curvature, and the chemistry of each fluid phase. The prospect of dynamically modifying the pinning properties and interfacial organization of colloidal particles adhered to fluid interfaces via these approaches necessitates the development of experimental techniques capable of measuring changes in the interfacial deformation around particles in situ. Here, we describe a modified technique based on phase-shift Mirau interferometry to determine the relative height of the fluid interface surrounding adsorbed colloids while applying external electric fields. The technique is corrected for macroscopic curvature in the interface as well as in-plane motion of the particle in order to isolate the contribution of the particle to the interfacial deformation. Resultant height maps are produced with a maximum resolution of ±1 nm along the height axis. The measured topography of the interface is used to identify the contact line where the two fluids meet the particle, along with the maximal interfacial deformation (Δumax) of the undulating contact line and the three-phase contact angle, θc. The technique is calibrated using anisotropic polymer ellipsoids of varying aspect ratio before the effect of external AC electric fields on the pinned particle contact angle is demonstrated. The results show promise for this new technique to measure and quantify dynamic changes in interfacial height deformation, which dictate interparticle capillary energy and assembly of colloids at fluid interfaces.This paper proposes a piezohydraulic hybrid actuator driven by a resonant vibrator based on two rhombic micro-displacement amplifiers. The resonant piezohydraulic hybrid actuator consists of a resonant piezoelectric vibrator, a pump body, a manifold, a return valve, and an output cylinder. The vibration mode of the piezoelectric vibrator is simulated, and the working principle of the resonant piezohydraulic hybrid actuator is depicted. Then, the performance of the piezohydraulic hybrid actuator is experimentally investigated, and the effects of exciting frequency, exciting voltage, and bias pressure are analyzed. The results demonstrate that the hybrid actuator performs the best when the exciting frequency is near the resonant frequency; meanwhile, the higher the exciting voltage, the better the performance. Moreover, it indicates that a larger bias pressure will bring a larger reaction force to the vibrator and reduce the performance of the actuator system. The maximum blocked force and no-load velocity are 378 N and 4.8 mm/s, respectively, when the bias pressure is 1.5 MPa and the exciting voltage is 500 Vpp.Polychromators are most frequently used in Thomson scattering (TS) diagnostics to analyze the scattered light spectrum and intensity so that the plasma electron temperature (Te) and density (ne) can be derived. For Te measurements, the spectral response of the polychromator channels and the relative spectral responsivities need to be calibrated. The spectral response is calibrated with a bromine tungsten lamp and a monochromator in a conventional way. A novel method for calibrating the relative spectral responsivities of the polychromators is described in detail. A broadband pulsed Light Emission Diode (LED) is used, which has a spectral irradiance similar to that of the TS spectrum, and the LED can be driven in pulse mode with the pulse width similar to the TS signal pulse width of about 10-20 ns full width at half maximum. This new method allows for the calibration to be done after the polychromator is fully installed, and in situ system calibration can be easily performed, showing the advantages of accuracy, simplicity, efficiency, and flexibility. For ne measurements, absolute sensitivity calibration is done by Rayleigh scattering with argon gas. Formulas for calculating the plasma density from the calibration data and the polychromator signals from the off-laser wavelength channels are presented.This paper describes a version of the time-of-flight mass spectrometer based on a modified two-field acceleration approach of Wiley and McLaren. The aim of the device is a diagnostic of continuous plasma flow. The acceleration scheme idea, the construction of the spectrometer, and results of testing in plasma flow of Gd and CeO2 generated by vacuum arc discharge are described. The instrument function of the spectrometer was measured, and its mass resolution was evaluated as ∼20. With the use of the instrument function, how to interpret the registered signal in the case of intersection of mass peaks was suggested. The presented device has a simple construction and relatively low values of applied acceleration voltages, so it has fewer requirements in manufacturability and cost.With the growing interest in high-flux solar sources, a need exists for simple, accurate, and inexpensive strategies to characterize their output radiative flux. In this paper, the irradiation output from a 10 kWe xenon lamp solar simulator is characterized by an inverse mapping technique that uses a custom radiometer and infrared camera, validated by a direct characterization method (heat flux gauge). The heat flux distribution is determined in a vacuum chamber using an easily obtainable graphite target and an inverse heat transfer model. The solar simulator produces peak fluxes in the range of 1.5-4.5 MW/m2 as measured directly by a heat flux gauge, and its output can be controlled using a variable power supply. Spectral measurements indicate that minor variations in the simulator's output with respect to its current supply occur in the spectral range of 450-800 nm. The radiometer presented in this work allows for characterizing solar irradiation under practical conditions (e.g., inside a solar reactor) and thus accounts for deviations due to additional components, such as viewport effects. Additionally, it provides an inexpensive and efficient means of monitoring any deterioration in the performance of solar sources over time without the need for complex recalibration.Welding has been widely used in industry for hundreds of years, and pursuing higher weld quality requires a better understanding of the welding process. 5-Azacytidine cost The x-ray imaging technique is a powerful tool to in situ observe the inner characteristics of the melt pool in the welding process. Here, current progress in in situ x-ray imaging of the welding process is concluded, including the experiments based on the laboratory-based single x-ray imaging system, the laboratory-based double x-ray imaging system, and the synchrotron radiation tomography system. The corresponding experimental results with the in situ x-ray imaging technique about the formation and evolution of the keyhole, melt pool, pore, solidification crack, etc., have been introduced. A new understanding of welding based on the current progress in in situ x-ray imaging of additive manufacturing is concluded. In addition, the future development trend of applying x-ray imaging technology in the field of monitoring the welding process is proposed.Electronic systems for qubit control and measurement serve as a bridge between quantum programming language and quantum information processors. With the rapid development of superconducting quantum circuit technology, synchronization in a large-scale system, low-latency execution, and low noise are required for electronic systems. Here, we present a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based electronic system with a distributed synchronous clock and trigger architecture. The system supports synchronous control of qubits with jitters of ∼5 ps. We implement a real-time digital signal processing system in the FPGA, enabling precise timing control, arbitrary waveform generation, in-phase and quadrature demodulation for qubit state discrimination, and the generation of real-time qubit-state-dependent trigger signals for feedback/feedforward control. The hardware and firmware low-latency design reduces the feedback/feedforward latency of the electronic system to 125 ns, significantly less than the decoherence times of the qubit. Finally, we demonstrate the functionalities and low-noise performance of this system using a fluxonium quantum processor.Electrical Resistance Tomography (ERT) has the potentialities of non-intrusive techniques and high temporal resolution which are essential characteristics for multiphase flow measurements. However, high background conductivities, such as saline water in oil extraction, impose a limitation in ERT image reconstruction. Focusing on the operational limits of an ERT tomography system operating in different conductivity backgrounds from 0.010 to 4.584 S/m, the impact on the image reconstruction was assessed via signal-to-noise variance. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) variance had a strong correlation (p-value = 5.40 × 10-15) with the image reconstruction quality at the threshold of 30 dB, reaching a correlation value of r = -0.92 in the range of 0.010-0.246 S/m. Regarding the position error of the phantom, p-value = 1.30 × 10-5 and r = -0.66 were attained. The global results revealed that the correlation of the mean of the SNR (p-value = 5 × 10-4 and r = 0.55) was kept unaltered through the whole conductivity range, showing that such a statistical index can induce bias in establishing the operational limits of the hardware.
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