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Redox regulation of chloroplast proteins is necessary to adjust photosynthetic performance with changes in light. The thioredoxin (Trx) system plays a central role in this process. Chloroplast-localized classical Trx is a small redox-active protein that regulates many target proteins by reducing their disulfide bonds in a light-dependent manner. Arabidopsis thaliana mutants lacking f-type Trx (trx f1f2) or m-type Trx (trx m124-2) have been reported to show delayed reduction of Calvin cycle enzymes. As a result, the trx m124-2 mutant exhibits growth defects. Here, we characterized a quintuple mutant lacking both Trx f and Trx m to investigate the functional complementarity of Trx f and Trx m. The trx f1f2 m124-2 quintuple mutant was newly obtained by crossing, and is analyzed here for the first time. The growth defects of the trx m124-2 mutant were not enhanced by the lack of Trx f. In contrast, deficiencies of both Trxs additively suppressed the reduction of Calvin cycle enzymes, resulting in a further delay in the initiation of photosynthesis. Trx f appeared to be necessary for the rapid activation of the Calvin cycle during the early induction of photosynthesis. To perform effective photosynthesis, plants seem to use both Trxs in a coordinated manner to activate carbon fixation reactions. In contrast, the PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION 5 (PGR5)-dependent cyclic electron transport around photosystem I was regulated by Trx m, but not by Trx f. Lack of Trx f did not affect the activity and regulation of the PGR5-dependent pathway. Trx f may have a higher specificity for target proteins, whereas Trx m has a variety of target proteins to regulate overall photosynthesis and other metabolic reactions in the chloroplasts.This study aimed to examine whether being a victim of bullying predicted body dissatisfaction and eating disorder behavior (EDB). In this study, we performed secondary analysis from a cluster randomized controlled trial among 5208 eight grade students from 73 public schools in three Brazilian cities. Data were collected in 2019 through an anonymous self-report questionnaire on bullying, body dissatisfaction, and EDB. We used factor analysis, multivariate linear regression, and multinomial logistic regression to verify whether being a victim of bullying during the baseline results in body dissatisfaction and EDB at the nine months follow-up for the control and intervention groups. Our results showed that being female (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.22-1.63) is a risk factor for dissatisfaction by overweight. Bullying was not a predictor of body dissatisfaction; however, being a victim of bullying (β 0.40, 95% CI 0.35-0.46) is a predictor of having more EDB, independent of the exposure to the program. Therefore, bullying deserves attention in the school environment.Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CCFM8724 inhibits the growth of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans in mixed-species biofilm formation. In this study, bioactive compound including cyclo (leu-pro), cyclo (phe-pro), and some organic acids, such as 3-phenyllactic acid, hydrocinnamic acid, and palmitic acid, were identified through GC-MS analysis. At 50 μg·mL-1, cyclo (leu-pro) reduced biofilm mass (OD600) from 3.00 to 2.00, and hydrocinnamic acid at 25 μg·mL-1 reduced biofilm mass (OD600) from 3.00 to 1.00. The expression of ALS3 and HWP1 was downregulated by cyclo (leu-pro). Furthermore, a mixture of cyclo (leu-pro), cyclo (phe-pro), 3-phenyllactic acid, hydrocinnamic acid, and palmitic acid, had anti-biofilm activity. Overall, the results provide promising baseline information for the potential use of this probiotic and its components in preventing biofilm formation.The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling cascade is a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway that can be activated in response to a wide range of environmental stimuli. Based on the type, degree, and duration of the stimulus, the JNK signaling cascade dictates the fate of the cell by influencing gene expression through its substrate transcription factors. Oxidative stress is a result of a disturbance in the pro-oxidant/antioxidant homeostasis of the cell and is associated with a large number of diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and disorders of the immune system, where it activates the JNK signaling pathway. Among different biological roles ascribed to the intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and hybrid proteins containing ordered domains and intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDPRs) are signaling hub functions, as intrinsic disorder allows proteins to undertake multiple interactions, each with a different consequence. Inndings will serve as a foundation for experimental characterization of disordered regions in these proteins, which represents a crucial step for a better understanding of the roles of IDPRs in diseases associated with this important pathway.
Subepithelial microvascular pattern cannot be visualized on the surface of adenoma and carcinoma by magnifying endoscopy due to a white opaque substance (WOS), which consists of minute lipid droplets accumulated in the neoplastic epithelium.

We aimed to investigate whether the WOS is visualized in the duodenum after exogenous fat loading (FL) administration in an open-label, randomized, controlled study.

The patients scheduled to undergo endoscopic therapy for gastric epithelial neoplasms were enrolled in the study. They were randomly assigned to the FL or non-FL group. An initial (before FL administration) and follow-up (after two to three weeks) endoscopic examinations were conducted to observe the duodenal mucosa using magnifying narrow-band imaging. Each patient in the FL group consumed 250ml of Ensure H® four hours before the follow-up examination. Two experienced endoscopists determined the grade of the WOS. FL test results were judged positive for patients who showed a higher grade at the follow-up examination than at the initial examination. The rate of positive test results was compared between the two groups.

Twenty patients (10 in the FL and 10 in the non-FL groups) were included. FL test results were positive for all 10 patients in the FL group, while they were negative for all 10 patients in the non-FL group (P < 0.001 by Fisher's exact test).

Lipids loaded onto normal duodenal epithelium were absorbed, and the absorbed lipid droplets appeared as WOS on magnifying narrow-band imaging.
Lipids loaded onto normal duodenal epithelium were absorbed, and the absorbed lipid droplets appeared as WOS on magnifying narrow-band imaging.Understanding flexibility in the social structure and mating strategies of the world's last remaining population (35 individuals) of wild Hainan gibbons (Nomascus hainanus) is critical for developing effective management plans to aid in their population recovery. Three of the five remaining Hainan gibbon groups (A, B, and C) currently live in a social unit characterized by two or three adult males, two reproducing adult females, and offspring. A fourth group (D) contains one adult male, two adult females, and offspring, and Group E contains a single adult male-adult female pair with a young infant. In this study, we describe observations of copulations between multiple resident males and one of the two resident females in Group C. Group C is best described as a small multi-male/multi-female group. We found that this breeding female (F2) solicited copulations from two resident adult males (M1 and M2) on the same day, and also mated with each of these two males on different days. Resident males were not observed to interrupt the mating pair. Although factors such as a biased adult sex ratio, severe population disruption, and habitat degradation can help explain variation in group composition and mating strategies in Hainan gibbons, we argue that there exists considerable mating system variability across gibbon species, and that this variability offers important insights into male and female Hainan gibbon group structure and reproductive strategies.To curb fitness costs associated with obligate avian brood parasitism, some hosts have evolved to reject foreign eggs in the nest. American robins (Turdus migratorius) are among the few hosts of the brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) that mostly remove parasitic eggs from their nests. this website With the parasite's eggs looking nothing like their own, American robins likely rely most on visual cues when making rejection decisions. However, we still know little about the roles that tactile and olfactory cues play in robin's or other rejecter hosts' rejection decisions. Here, we conducted a set of experiments to test for the use of tactile or olfactory cues in egg rejection by robins. For the tactile experiment, we found that robins were more likely to reject rough rather than smooth eggs. However, our tactile model egg design was not able to fully discriminate between tactile and visual sensory modalities. In the olfaction experiment, we did not find a significant effect of egg scent treatment on rejection rates. Accordingly, future studies on egg rejection should attempt to fully distinguish between tactile and visual cues, as well as examine olfactory cues in other egg rejecter host species.Echinacoside is a group of natural compounds extracted from medicinal plants Cistanche and Echinacea, which has neuroprotective, antiaging, immunomodulatory and anticancer effects, but its specific role and mechanism in tumor remains partially unclear. To our knowledge, it was the first time to reported the effect of Echinacoside in ovarian cancer. Colony formation, TUNEL staining, Transwell and tube formation assays were conducted to analyze the proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and tube formation abilities of serous ovarian carcinoma cells (SKOV3 and OVCAR-3), respectively. The expressions of apoptosis-, invasion- and PI3K/AKT pathway-related proteins were measured by western blotting. In addition, PI3K agonist (740Y-P) was used to assess the regulatory effect of Echinacoside on PI3K/AKT signaling in ovarian cancer. Finally, the anti-tumor effect of Echinacoside on SKOV3-xenografted mice was evaluated by xenograft tumor mouse model. Our results demonstrated Echinacoside concentration-dependently reduced the proliferation, migration and angiogenesis of ovarian cancer cells, whereas promoted apoptosis. Moreover, western blotting revealed that Echinacoside suppressed the growth of ovarian cancer cells by downregulating the phosphorylation levels of PI3K, AKT and mTOR, which could be partially reversed by 740Y-P. Further, in vivo results showed that Echinacoside could effectively alleviate the tumor growth of xenograft mice, accompanied by the decrease of PI3K/AKT signaling. In general, our results demonstrate that Echinacoside could reduce the ovarian cancer progression through inhibition of PI3K/AKT pathway, suggesting that Echinacoside may be a new treatment option for ovarian cancer.In recent years, there has been a significant transformation in the field of incoherent imaging with new possibilities of compressing three-dimensional (3D) information into a two-dimensional intensity distribution without two-beam interference (TBI). Most incoherent 3D imagers without TBI are based on scattering by a random phase mask exhibiting sharp autocorrelation and low cross-correlation along the depth axis. Consequently, during reconstruction, high lateral and axial resolutions are obtained. Scattering based-Imaging requires a wasteful photon budget and is therefore precluded in many power-sensitive applications. This study develops a proof-of-concept 3D incoherent imaging method using a rotating point spread function termed 3D Incoherent Imaging with Spiral Beams (3DI2SB). The rotation speed of the point spread function (PSF) with displacement and the orbital angular momentum has been theoretically analyzed. The imaging characteristics of 3DI2SB were compared with a direct imaging system using a diffractive lens, and the proposed system exhibited a higher focal depth than the direct imaging system.
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