Notes

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Therefore, the current review will summarize the organoleptic, microscopy, phytochemistry and biological activities of Z. armatum providing more emphasis on in-vitro as well as in-vivo studies along with clinical research, helpful in exploring the potential efficacy of the plant.
Therefore, the current review will summarize the organoleptic, microscopy, phytochemistry and biological activities of Z. armatum providing more emphasis on in-vitro as well as in-vivo studies along with clinical research, helpful in exploring the potential efficacy of the plant.
Currently, the pharmacological management in Alzheimer's disease is based on several chemical structures, represented by acetylcholinesterase and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor ligands, with still unclear molecular mechanisms, but severe side effects. For this reason, a challenge for Alzheimer's disease treatment remains to identify new drugs with reduced side effects. Recently, the natural compounds, in particular certain chemical compounds identified in the essential oil of peppermint, sage, grapes, sea buckthorn, have increased interest as possible therapeutics.

In this paper, we have summarized data from the recent literature, on several chemical compounds extracted from Salvia officinalis L., with therapeutic potential in Alzheimer's disease.

In addition to the wide range of experimental methods performed in vivo and in vitro, also we presented some in silico studies of medicinal compounds.

Through this mini-review, we present the latest information regarding the therapeutic characteristics of natural compounds isolated from Salvia officinalis L. in Alzheimer's disease.

Thus, based on the information presented, we can say that phytotherapy is a reliable therapeutic method in a neurodegenerative disease.
Thus, based on the information presented, we can say that phytotherapy is a reliable therapeutic method in a neurodegenerative disease.Pluripotent stem cells of the bone marrow are stimulated by different cytokines to proliferation and differentiation into various types of blood cells. These cytokines are mostly glycoproteins. Erythropoietin stimulates stem cells to the formation of erythrocytes while colony-stimulating factors cause the formation of different types of white blood cells. Stem cell factors play an important role in the maintenance and survival of blood cells of all types. Thrombopoietin stimulates stem cells to proliferation and formation of blood platelets. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor is probably the most important used as a drug. It stimulates stem cells to the formation of neutrophile granulocytes. It is often used in recombinant forms such as filgrastim in the treatment of neutropenia in cancer chemotherapy or AIDS. Its pegylated conjugates such as pegfilgrastim are also available. Its activity can be supported by plerixafor, a small molecule - bicyclam derivative acting as an indirect agonist of stem cells factor. It acts as an antagonist of CXCR4 receptor activation of which brakes hematopoiesis. The treatment of conditions accompanied by thrombocytopenia such as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is currently not performed by thrombopoietin but synthetic agonists of its receptor are preferred. Romiplostim is a peptibody. It consists of a protein part interacting with the thrombopoietin receptor which is, however, different from thrombopoietin, and of Fc fragment of immunoglobulin G1. In contrast, small molecule thrombopoietin receptor agonists represented by eltrombopag can be given orally unlike all of the above.Thiazolo- and thiadiazolo-[3,2-a][1,3]diazepines and their patented derivatives, tested with diverse CNS pharmacological activities, constitute an important class of compounds for new drug development. Therefore, research efforts were continued to design, synthesize, and evaluate compounds for their ultra-short, short-acting hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and neuromuscular blocking activities. The present review provides a summary of the work accomplished by these heterocycles and their biological evaluation.Medicinal plants and mushrooms have alwaysfascinated the world as an attractive source of natural compounds for cancer therapy. From ancient times, they have been valued as gourmet food and folk medicine in Oriental practice. For over 40 years, world has witnessed the overwhelming interest of western scientific fraternity in pharmaceutical potential of natural products in combating cancer. The plants and mushrooms credited with success against angiogenesis and cancer metastasis belong to certain Plants including Catharanthus roseus, Aloe Vera,Annona muricata,Curcuma longa, Withania somnifera, and Berberis and mushrooms such as Agaricus,Antrodia,Ganoderma,Grifolafrondosa,Hericiumerinaceus,Phel-linuslinteus, and Trametesversicolor /Coriolusversicolor. The anti-cancer compounds play a pivotal role as free radical scavenger and reactive oxygen species inducer, mitotic spindle kinase inhibitor, anti-mitotic, angiogenesis inhibitor, topoi-somerase inhibitor, apoptosis inducers, and eventually checking cancer invasion, migration and proliferation. AM1241 ic50 The present review updates and focuses on the recent findings of the pharmacologically potential bioactive compounds, their anti-tumor potential, and underlying mechanism of preventing cancer metastasis and angiogenesisin order to raise knowledge for fur-ther investigations to develop cancer therapeutics with no adverse side effects The mounting experimental evidences at pre-clinical and clinical levels from various research groups across the globe, regarding prevention of cancer metastasis by natural products unarguably make it a fast-track research area worth mass attention.Pathophysiologic conditions of neurodegenerative diseases are unquestionably related to protein misfolding. The accumulation of misfolded proteins into relatively ordered structures such as fibrillar intracellular and extracellular amyloids results in tissue lesions that lead to neuronal loss and brain damage. In these pathologies, the occurrence of protein aggregates suggests certain inefficient or insufficient cellular response of those molecular chaperones that should properly assist the folding of the client proteins. In this regard, all the experimental models for neurodegenerative diseases have demonstrated that the overexpression of molecular chaperones provide effective neuroprotection. A subset of these molecular chaperones corresponds to a group of proteins that exhibit peptidylprolyl isomerase enzymatic activity, the immunophilins. Most of the family members of the latter group were first described as responsible of the immunosuppressive response or they were reported as members of the chaperone complex associated with HSP90 in steroid receptor oligomers. In this article we review some aspects of the liaison between molecular chaperones and neurodegenerative diseases, in particular heat-shock proteins and immunophilins with demonstrated influence in the proper function of mitochondria. This article is intended to address a field that represents a yet critical unmet clinical need for the development of neuroprotective molecules focused on potentially novel molecular targets.In the last few years, a massive increase in the research has been observed that focusses on investigating the role of mitochondria in pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders. Mitochondria are vital cell organelles having im-portant roles in different cellular processes including energy production, calcium signaling, ROS generation, apoptosis, etc. Therefore, healthy mitochondria are necessary for cell survival and functioning. It would seem feasible that mitochondrial dysfunction will have implications in various pathological conditions. A large body of evidence indicates the role of mito-chondrion as a potential key player in the loss or dysfunction of neurons in various neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we provide an insight into the mitochondrial dysfunction and its involvement in the pathology of several neurolog-ical diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury and many more.Neurodegenerative disorders are the state of body results in progressive degeneration leading to death of nerve cells. In this state, a patient gets affected day by day with mental weakness, dementia and ataxia. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common irreversible neurodegenerative brain disorder mainly affecting people over the age of 65 years. Many researches suggest a fact that the main culprit for AD is the aggregated form of a (39-43) amino acid peptide called amyloid beta. Amyloid beta (Aβ) is generated by the action of beta secretase and gamma secretase on larger glycoprotein. Gamma (γ) secretase is an intra-membrane protease complex which cleaves the single-pass transmembrane protein, cleavage of amyloid precursor protein and Notch. γ-secretase complex contains presenilin, presenilin enhancer-2, anterior pharynx defective-1 and nicastrin. Any mutation in presenilin-1 or the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein by γ-secretase directly or indirectly associated with AD. So, prevention of this enzyme is one of the solutions for AD. In this article, we discuss about γ-secretase complex and its inhibitors that can contribute to the prevention of AD.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks third among all cancer-related deaths around the globe. Chemotherapy may prolong the survival of CRC patients to some extent, but its clinical use is associated with grave side effects on overall health. link2 Contrary to chemotherapy, the use of plant-derived therapeutic molecules offered advantages because of their reduced toxicity. Polyphenol is group of phytochemicals that impart many therapeutic benefits in the treatment of diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Various signaling pathways, including Wnt/β-catenin, MAPK/PI3K and TGF-β/Smad play very important roles in the development and progression of CRC. Polyphenols inhibit CRC progressions by modulating these signaling pathways e. g. curcumin and resveratrol impede cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting Wnt signaling. Because of their lower aqueous solubility, the therapeutic efficacy of polyphenols is not fully exploited. In order to increase their bioavailability and efficacy, the nanoformulations of polyphenols haveon of Bcl-2 and ERK1/2.

This review provides a valuable resource on the important anti-CRC role of polyphenols and their nanoformulations. This review will expand our knowledge about the anti-CRC roles of polyphenols and their mechanisms of action through the multiple cell signaling pathways.
This review provides a valuable resource on the important anti-CRC role of polyphenols and their nanoformulations. This review will expand our knowledge about the anti-CRC roles of polyphenols and their mechanisms of action through the multiple cell signaling pathways.
Thiadiazole has attracted a great deal of interest as a versatile heterocycle for the discovery and development of potent anticancer agents. Thiadiazole derivatives exert potent antitumor activity against a variety of human cancer cell lines through various mechanisms.

The goal of this work was to design and synthesize thiadiazole-based anticancer agents with anti-angiogenic activity.

N-aryl-2-[(5-(aryl)amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)thio]acetamides (4a-r) were synthesized via the reaction of 5-(aryl)amino-1,3,4- thiadiazole-2(3H)-thiones with N-(aryl)-2-chloroacetamides in the presence of potassium carbonate. The compounds were investigated for their cytotoxic effects on three cancer (A549, HepG2, SH-SY5Y), two normal (HUVEC and 3T3-L1) cell lines using MTT and WST1 assays. link3 In order to examine whether the compounds have anti-angiogenic effects or not, HUVEC were cultured on matrigel matrix to create a vascular-like tube formation.

Compounds 4d, 4m and 4n were more effective on A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells than cisplatin.
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