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ansmission. Also, only chloroquine and remdesivir have been found to be effective in the treatment of Covid-19 during pregnancy.Covid-19 is caused by a novel coronavirus named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 binds angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is greatly expressed in different tissues including lung alveolar type II cells. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 triggers acute host immune response, inflammatory reactions and cytokine storm leading to acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Different studies reported the pleiotropic effects of statins such as the anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory effects via modulation of antigen presentation and adhesion of inflammatory molecules since; statins have potential anti-oxidant and redox balance effects that improve endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular integrity. Objective of the present study is to verify the beneficial and harmful effects of statins in Covid-19. Statins upregulates ACE2 receptors and attenuates the down-regulation effect of SARS-CoV-2 on the ACE2 receptors. Consequently, reduction of ACE2 receptors augment the deleterious effect of angiotensin II (AngII) which causes vasoconstriction and initiation of ALI. On the other hand, statins therapy may increase risk of viral infections such as SARS-CoV-2 via lowering of low density lipoprotein (LDL) since; circulating LDL adhere and inactivates SARS-CoV-2. Statin therapy improves the outcomes of Covid-19 pneumonia through anti-inflammatory, immune-modulation, and in vitro anti-SARS-CoV-2 effects. The antiplatelet and antithrombotic effects may reduce Covid-19 induced-coagulopathy and progression of ARDS.Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), leads to global calamitous effects. Covid-19 is caused by a novel coronavirus named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Covid-19 is associated with development of hyper-inflammation and/or cytokine storm that together with high viral load trigger tissue damage and multi-organ failures (MOF). Colchicine (CN) is a lipophilic tricyclic alkaloid used for treatment of gout since ancient time. In Covid-19 era, CN is repurposed for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection depending on its anti-inflammatory and broad-spectrum antiviral effects. Therefore, a recent clinical trial recommends use of CN in treating Covid-19 patients. It has been confirmed that inhibition of neutrophil chemotaxis, lysosomal degranulation, and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines is the main mechanism by which CN produces anti-inflammatory effects. CN attenuates generation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) with consequent inhibition release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Different studies illustrate that microtubule network is necessary and important for replication of different viruses including SARS-CoV-2 since; intracellular transport of viral particles is mediated through cytosolic microtubules. Therefore, CN therapy is effective in the management of Covid-19 patients when timely administrated through reduction of tissue damage and hyper-inflammations. Thus, the anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and immunomodulatory properties of CN might be the potential mechanisms of CN therapy against Covid-19. The review concludes that CN is a potent anti-inflammatory agent for the management of Covid-19; it inhibits SARS-CoV-2-induced-acute lung injury(ALI) due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-viral effects.
To assess the knowledge of primary healthcare physicians regarding elderly depression, and to study the association of different variables with the knowledge score.

The cross-sectional study was conducted from March 1 to June 30, 2019, in 30 primary health care centres under the Al-Karkh Health Directorate, Baghdad, Iraq, and comprised all physicians present at the time. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire about the knowledge regarding depression in elderly patients aged >65 years along with risk factors, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Data were analysed using SPSS 24.

Among the 149 participants, 69(46.3%) were aged >40 years, 116(77.9%) were females, 97(65.1%) were family physicians, and 96(65%) had good score regarding overall knowledge. Family physicians, specialists and those aged >40 years had significantly better knowledge level (p<0.05).

The physicians had a good knowledge about elderly depression.
The physicians had a good knowledge about elderly depression.
To investigate the modifying effect of treatment with vitamins C on irradiated mice tissues with gamma ray.

The animal experimental study was conducted in the Iraqi Centre for Cancer Research and Medical Genetics (ICCMG), Unit of Medical Physics department of Physiology college of Medicine/ Al_Mustansiryah Baghdad, Iraq from December 2019 to April 2020 Comprised adult male Albino Bulb /c mice aged 8 weeks. They were randomly divided into 4 equal groups. Group 1, the controls, received standard saline solution untreated and were not exposed to radiation. Group 2 mice received dose of vitamin C 200mg/kg/day intra-peritoneally injected without radiation. Group 3 was exposed to gamma ray without treatment with vitamin C. Group 4 mice were administrated vitamin C 200mg/kg/day intraperitoneally and exposed to the gamma ray. Groups 3 and 4 received 4 Gy of gamma rays for eight consecutive days. All groups were sacrificed by cervical dislocation at 1, 3 and 24h. Post-radiation testes and spleen tissues were collected. Damage in vivo was measured by gamma H2AX foci as biomarker of deoxyribonucleic acid double strand breaks in testes and spleen tissues. Data was analsyed using SPSS 24.

There were 28 mice with a mean bodyweight of 20±2g; 7(25%) in each of the four groups. There was significant difference (p<0.05) between group 4 and group 3 in terms of foci forming. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found between the exposed and unexposed groups.

Vitamin C was found to be a good radio-protective agent for mice testes and spleen tissues. The main differences were clearly observed in the formation of gamma H2AX foci between testes and spleen due to their sensitivity to ionising radiation which depends on proliferation activity.
Vitamin C was found to be a good radio-protective agent for mice testes and spleen tissues. The main differences were clearly observed in the formation of gamma H2AX foci between testes and spleen due to their sensitivity to ionising radiation which depends on proliferation activity.
To evaluate the efficacy of serum uric acid on inpatient morbidity and mortality among acute coronary syndrome patients.

The hospital-based study was conducted in the Coronary Care Unit of Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq, from June 1, 2019, to February 28, 2020, and comprised acute coronary syndrome patients of either gender aged >18 years. Other than the demographics, data was collected on echocardiography findings, cardiac markers and serum uric acid level. Data was analysed using SPSS 20.

Of the 70 patients, 49(70%) were male and 21(30%) were female. Overall, 44(62.8%) patients had normal uric acid level and 26(37.2%) had hyperuricaemia. Mean serum uric acid concentration was 5.6±1.6mg/dl (range 2.5-9.3mg/dl). There was a significant association between patients presenting with heart failure and hyperuricaemia (p<0.05). Complications, such as arrhythmia and heart failure, occurred more in patients with hyperuricaemia (p<0.05).

There was an association between hyperuricaemia and in-hospital complications of patients with acute coronary syndrome in comparison with patients with normal serum uric acid levels.
There was an association between hyperuricaemia and in-hospital complications of patients with acute coronary syndrome in comparison with patients with normal serum uric acid levels.
To estimate the reliability of otoscopic findings to predict the presence of middle ear effusion.

The cross-sectional study was conducted at Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq, from April 1, 2019, to January 1, 2020, and comprised patients of either gender aged 3-70 years complaining of ear problems. The patients were randomly assigned to two specialist otolaryngologists who checked the presence of retraction of the tympanic membrane and other features suggesting middle ear effusion. All the patients underwent tympanometric impedance measurement to compare the results with the otoscopic findings. Data was analysed using SPSS 25.

The study comprised 369 ears of 203 patients. There were 98(48.3%) male and 105(51.7%) female patients. The overall mean age was 19±17.45 years. In 141(38%) ears, middle ear effusion was confirmed by tympanometric finding type B flat impedance curve, while 187(51%) ears had impedance curve type C and 41(11%) ears had impedance curve type A. The positive predictive value of otoscopic appearance in the diagnosis of middle ear effusion was 38%. History of recent hearing loss or upper respiratory tract infection had no significant association with the condition (p>0.05).

Otoscopic tympanic membrane findings were found poor predictors of the existance of middle ear effusion.
Otoscopic tympanic membrane findings were found poor predictors of the existance of middle ear effusion.
To evaluate the response to treatment by the new directly acting antivirals drugs Sofosbuvir and Ledipasvir (Harvoni), on Iraqi patients diagnosed with hepatitis C infection genotype1 and genotype 4.

This prospective study was conducted in the Gastroenterology unit of Al- Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq, from February 2019 to February 2020. Included were one hundred patients diagnosed with hepatitis C by antibody test and viral load. All non-cirrhotic participants received a drug containing 400 mg sofosbuvir /90 mg ledipasvir once daily for 12 weeks, whereas the cirrhotics had to take it for 24 weeks. Lab. Investigations and viral load were assessed at baseline, and twelve weeks after end of treatment.

The predominant genotype was 1 with 58 (58 %) patients whereas genotype 4 had 42 (42%) patients. Liver cirrhosis was present in 9(9%) patients and severe renal impairment in 27(27%) patients. Undetectable viral load at the end of treatment (week 12) was observed in 96 (96%) patients whereas 4 (4%) patients were reported as non-responders.

Excellent therapeutic results were achieved with generic combination of sofosbuvir/ledipasvir. The regimen is highly effective and tolerable with the highest viral response observed in HCV patients with genotype 1and 4, inclusive of patients with chronic renal failure or cirrhosis.
Excellent therapeutic results were achieved with generic combination of sofosbuvir/ledipasvir. The regimen is highly effective and tolerable with the highest viral response observed in HCV patients with genotype 1and 4, inclusive of patients with chronic renal failure or cirrhosis.
To assess the prognostic effect of hyponatraemia in determining mortality in patients with heart failure.

The prospective observational study was conducted at the Internal Medicine Unit of Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq, from September 1, 2019, to February 1, 2020, and comprised adult patients of either gender who were hospitalised due to heart failure and left ventricular ejection fraction <49% at admission. this website The endpoint was inpatient mortality from the index hospitalisation for decompensated heart failure according to the serum sodium levels.

Of the 70 patients, 46(65.7%) were males and 24(34.3%) were females. A total of 30(42.9%) patients were aged 60-69 years. Serum sodium level was <135mmol/L in 40(57%) patients, and, among them, 29(67.4%) had normal body mass index and 21(70%) were ex-smokers. There was a significant association of serum sodium with body mass index and smoking status (p<0.05). Of the 25(35.7%) cases of inpatient mortality, 19(76%) had serum sodium level <135mmol/L (p= 0.
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