Notes

Erastin‑induced ferroptosis causes biological along with pathological modifications in healthful tissue associated with these animals.
Kinetic release experiments at different pH conditions were also performed. Finally, as a proof-of-concept application of our pro-drug delivery systems based on HNTs in cancer therapy, the cytotoxic effects were evaluated on acute myeloid leukemia cell lines, HL60 and its multidrug resistance variant, HL60R. The obtained results showed that both the MTX prodrug system and the biotinylated ones played a crucial role in the biological activity and, they are promising agents for the cancer treatments.This article presents a systematic review of optical see-through head mounted display (OST-HMD) usage in augmented reality (AR) surgery applications from 2013 to 2020. Articles were categorised by OST-HMD device, surgical speciality, surgical application context, visualisation content, experimental design and evaluation, accuracy and human factors of human-computer interaction. 91 articles fulfilled all inclusion criteria. Some clear trends emerge. The Microsoft HoloLens increasingly dominates the field, with orthopaedic surgery being the most popular application (28.6%). By far the most common surgical context is surgical guidance (n=58) and segmented preoperative models dominate visualisation (n=40). Experiments mainly involve phantoms (n=43) or system setup (n=21), with patient case studies ranking third (n=19), reflecting the comparative infancy of the field. Experiments cover issues from registration to perception with very different accuracy results. Human factors emerge as significant to OST-HMD utility. Some factors are addressed by the systems proposed, such as attention shift away from the surgical site and mental mapping of 2D images to 3D patient anatomy. Other persistent human factors remain or are caused by OST-HMD solutions, including ease of use, comfort and spatial perception issues. The significant upward trend in published articles is clear, but such devices are not yet established in the operating room and clinical studies showing benefit are lacking. A focused effort addressing technical registration and perceptual factors in the lab coupled with design that incorporates human factors considerations to solve clear clinical problems should ensure that the significant current research efforts will succeed.Acidic soils are a major limiting factor for food production in many developing countries. High concentrations of soluble Al cations, particularly Al3+, inhibit cell division and root elongation in plants. Al3+ damages several biomolecules, including DNA, impairing gene expression and cell cycle progression. Notably, the loss-of-function mutants of DNA checkpoints may mediate Al tolerance. Furthermore, mitochondrial organic acids play key roles in neutralizing Al3+ within the cell and around the rhizosphere. Here, we provide knowledge synthesis on interactions between checkpoints related to mitochondrial organic acid homeostasis and DNA integrity mediating Al tolerance in land plants. These interactions, coupled with remarkable advances in tools related to metabolism and cell cycle, may facilitate the development of next-generation productive crops under Al toxicity.This study quantitatively evaluated the effect of chloride (Cl-) on the radical distribution and micropollutant degradation in the UV/peroxydisulfate AOP using both experimental and modeling approaches. Results showed that SO4•- was significantly scavenged by Cl- at environmentally relevant concentrations (1-5000 mg/L). With increasing Cl- concentrations from 1 to 5000 mg/L, Cl- transformed SO4•- to HO• and then to Cl2•-. The critical role of Cl2•- as a precursor of HO• in the radical transformation was highlighted. The inhibitory effects of bicarbonate and dissolved organic matter (DOM) on micropollutant degradation was more significant in the presence of Cl- than that in the absence of Cl-, mainly due to the consumption of Cl2•- by bicarbonate and DOM. Using the model-predicted radical concentrations in the UV/peroxydisulfate process in the presence of different concentrations of Cl-, the degradation rate constants of 34 micropollutants and the contributions of each radical to the degradation were predicted and compared. The findings improved the fundamental understanding of the Cl- effect on radical transformation and micropollutant degradation in the SO4•--based AOPs. The model enables to foresee whether a SO4•--based AOP is effective for the degradation of a certain micropollutant in the water with known concentrations of Cl-.Conventional disposal processes (incineration and landfilling) of agricultural plastic wastes release harmful chemicals and microplastics into our ecosystems. To provide a disposal platform not releasing harmful chemicals, pyrolysis of a representative agricultural plastic waste was proposed in this study. Spent plastic mulching film (SMF) was used as a model waste compound. To make pyrolysis process more environmentally benign, CO2 was used as a raw material in pyrolysis of SMF. H2 and hydrocarbons were produced from pyrolysis of SMF under the inert (N2) and CO2 conditions, because SMF is composed of polyethylene. To enhance conversion of hydrocarbons into H2, catalytic pyrolysis of SMF was conducted over Ni/SiO2. Compared to non-catalytic pyrolysis, total concentration of pyrolytic gases was enhanced up to 3.1 and 11.3 times under N2 and CO2 conditions, respectively. The gas phase reactions between CO2 and hydrocarbons led to formation of CO, which enhanced production of pyrolytic gases under the CO2 condition. Moreover, gas phase reactions resulted in less production of pyrolytic oil from CO2 condition (15.9 wt%) in reference to the N2 condition (22.6 wt%). All experimental results confirmed that CO2 and SMF can be used as useful feedstocks to produce value-added products. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION Plastic waste used from a sector of agriculture is incinerated or/and landfilled, generating hazardous microplastic and volatile compounds into the environment. Thus, an environmentally friendly process for plastic waste materials in the agricultural industry is required. This study converted a spent plastic mulching film (SMF), broadly used for plastic greenhouse, into value-added syngas through catalytic pyrolysis. CO2 was used as a reactant. We found that concentration of CO2 was key to improve syngas formation from pyrolysis of SMF. Thus, this study suggested that CO2/SMF are used as useful feedstocks through catalytic pyrolysis, while they were previously discarded as waste materials.The degradation of dense non-aqueous phase liquid trichloroethene in low permeability zone is a challenging issue due to limited mass transfer between water-soluble oxidants (i.e., MnO4-) and residual phase trichloroethene and the bypassing of amendments in low permeability zone. This work accomplished trichloroethene oxidation enhancement through coupling viscosity modification by using xanthan with phase transfer of MnO4- by using phase transfer catalyst (PTC). Experiments were conducted by sand columns and 2D-tanks, and results revealed that after ~11.7 g of trichloroethene was injected in each tank, the mass of trichloroethene degradation was 1.3, 5.9, 6.9 and 8.5 g in MnO4-, MnO4- + xanthan, MnO4- + PTC and MnO4- + PTC + xanthan reaction systems, respectively. Combining PTC and xanthan with MnO4- increased the rate of continuous formation of Cl-, reflected in the acceleration of heterogeneous reactions and MnO4- transport enhancement in low permeability zone by PTC and xanthan. Moreover, PTC promoted dissolved Mn (Ⅱ) and Mn (Ⅲ) formation in the process of MnO4- reduction, and thus effectively inhibited MnO2 generation. In conclusion, the results revealed that PTC and xanthan could perform their respective contributions to mass transfer and amendment transport for jointly enhanced the remediation of trichloroethene polluted heterogeneous aquifer.The effect of high concentration of iron (FeIII) on the speciation and mobility of arsenic (As) under strongly acidic conditions remains unclear. This work studied the redistribution and speciation of AsV and FeIII at Fe/As molar ratio of 1-14 and pH 1.5-2.0 in the dissolved, colloidal, and solid phases. Results showed that the elevated FeIII induced the decomposition of the precipitated poorly crystalline ferric arsenate by forming dissolved ( 0.1 µm) decreased from 70-90% to less than 20% when the Fe/As molar ratio increased from 1 to 14. The particle size of the bulk samples decreased significantly with the increase of FeIII concentration. The FTIR results suggested that AsV in dissolved/colloidal As-Fe complexes dominantly occurred as HAsO42- species. The EXAFS results indicated that each HAsO42- coordinated with approximately two Fe atoms in dissolved/colloidal As-Fe complexes at Fe/As ≥ 2. The findings suggest that high aqueous FeIII concentration can promote the mobility of As by forming dissolved/colloidal Fe-As complexes in acidic waters, potentially accelerating As transport from source to downstream in acid mine drainage systems.Keipert syndrome（KS, OMIM301026) is a rare X-linked recessive inherited disorder characterized by distinctive facial appearance and digital abnormalities, and the disease is caused by hemizygous mutations in the GPC4 gene encoding the heparan sulfate proteoglycan glypican 4. We first established an induced pluripotent stem cell line (ATCi002-A) from PBMCs collected from a two-year-old boy patient with c.877 + 1G > A variant in the GPC4 gene, via reprogramming with KLF4, SOX2, OCT3/4, and c-MYC. Through identification examination, the iPSCs (ATCi002-A) stably expressed pluripotency-associated stem cell markers, and maintained a normal karyotype, and showed proliferative potential for differentiation of the three-germ layer.
S1P receptor modulators are oral Disease-Modifying Therapies (DMTs) for Multiple Sclerosis, which were associated with cases of basal cell carcinoma in clinical trials. This study aims at investigating in a real-world adverse event reporting system whether S1P receptor modulators increase the risk of skin cancer reporting, compared to other DMTs.

Adverse event reports from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) were extracted, cleaned, and analyzed from 2004Q1 until 2020Q4. The crude and adjusted Reported Odds Ratios (cROR, aROR) for the outcomes basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, or melanoma were calculated for all DMTs. In a sensitivity analysis, we looked at each outcome separately.

The aROR (95%CI) of siponimod was 9.68 (5.48-15.79) and of fingolimod 4.54 (3.86-5.32), indicating a safety signal of S1P receptor modulators for skin cancer. Ozanimod had only 52 complete reports without any cases. In the sensitivity analysis, siponimod showed a signal only for basal cell carcinoma 22.83 (12.27-38.83), while fingolimod for all outcomes separately, including melanoma 3.02 (2.31-3.89). Notably, among the other DMTs, alemtuzumab 4.40 (2.98-6.25) and cladribine 3.28 (1.17-7.13) presented also a signal for disproportionate reporting, while ocrelizumab showed a signal in the sensitivity analysis only for melanoma 2.55 (1.21-4.65).

S1P receptors seem to increase skin cancer reporting on FAERS, and the association is strongest for basal cell carcinomas. Bcl-2 inhibitor Therefore, close dermatologic surveillance before- and during therapy is needed. Whether fingolimod and ocrelizumab also increase the risk of melanoma needs further investigation.
S1P receptors seem to increase skin cancer reporting on FAERS, and the association is strongest for basal cell carcinomas. Therefore, close dermatologic surveillance before- and during therapy is needed. Whether fingolimod and ocrelizumab also increase the risk of melanoma needs further investigation.
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