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These individuals turn to authoritarianism because it promises to stifle dissent and protect existing (conventional) knowledge.In the article, presence of antibodies to protein components of oxidized human donor plasma was demonstrated. It was shown that normal plasma oxidized by CuCl2, FeSO4, or potassium ferricyanide acquired ability to bind with human IgG-sensitized polystyrene latex particles and colloidal gold nanoparticles. Ability of these antibodies to bind to oxidized components strongly depends on time of oxidation. Moreover, Sepharose 2B conjugated with human IgG has affinity to component of such plasma. Molecular weight analysis demonstrates that this component eluted as a single peak in size exclusion chromatography with molecular weight about 3 × 106 Da.This study investigated the occurrence and resistance rates of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from raw milk in the dairy farms over two seasons (spring and autumn) and across four regions that included 11 provinces in China. In total, 750 raw milk samples from the 405 dairy farms were collected. Fifteen antimicrobial agents were tested for antimicrobial resistance via disk diffusion tests, and PCR tests were performed to identify drug resistance genes of S. aureus isolates. Out of 750 samples, 276 (36.8%) were positive for S. aureus, with 150 (41.1%) being positive in spring and 126 (32.7%) being positive in autumn. The occurrence rate of S. aureus in northeastern China (45%) was higher than that in western China (33%) and southern China (31.9%), respectively, and the rate significantly (p less then 0.05) differed from those of western China and southern China. Of 276 isolates, 261 (94.6%) strains were resistant to more than 1 antimicrobial drug, and 193 (69.9%) strains were multidrug resistant. The blaZ (46.3%), dfrG (35.5%), and tetM (27.2%) genes were detected at a high frequency in the S. aureus strains. Our data revealed a variation (p less then 0.05) in the resistance patterns in the different regions and across the two seasons. The occurrence and drug resistance rates of S. aureus isolated from raw milk obtained from dairy farms may still cause severe problems in China.The number and frequency of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains as a frequent cause of nosocomial infections have increased, especially for Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, in part due to device-related infections. The transition to antibiotic-resistance in related bacterial genes and the capability for immune escape have increased the sustainability of biofilms produced by these bacteria. The formation and changes in biofilms have been suggested as a target to prevent or treat staphylococcal infections. Thus, this study reviews the development of candidate staphylococcal vaccines by database searching, and evaluates the immunogenicity and efficacy profiles of bacterial components involved in biofilms. The literature suggests that using common staphylococcal vaccine antigens and multivalent vaccines should further enhance vaccine efficacy.Big data analytics are gaining popularity in medical engineering and healthcare use cases. Stakeholders are finding big data analytics reduce medical costs and personalise medical services for each individual patient. Big data analytics can be used in large-scale genetics studies, public health, personalised and precision medicine, new drug development, etc. The introduction of the types, sources, and features of big data in healthcare as well as the applications and benefits of big data and big data analytics in healthcare is key to understanding healthcare big data and will be discussed in this article. Major methods, platforms and tools of big data analytics in medical engineering and healthcare are also presented. Advances and technology progress of big data analytics in healthcare are introduced, which includes artificial intelligence (AI) with big data, infrastructure and cloud computing, advanced computation and data processing, privacy and cybersecurity, health economic outcomes and technology management, and smart healthcare with sensing, wearable devices and Internet of things (IoT). Current challenges of dealing with big data and big data analytics in medical engineering and healthcare as well as future work are also presented.The aim of this study was to develop a less invasive and accurate diagnostic system for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) based on genome-wide DNA methylation profiling. Genome-wide DNA methylation screening was performed using the Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip, and DNA methylation quantification was verified using pyrosequencing. We analysed 26 samples of normal control urothelial tissue (C), an initial cohort of 62 samples (31 samples of non-cancerous urothelium [N] from UTUC patients and 31 samples of the corresponding UTUCs), a validation cohort of 82 samples (41 N and 41 UTUC samples), and 14 samples of urinary bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC). In the initial cohort, we identified 2,448 CpG sites showing significant differences in DNA methylation levels between both C and UTUC and N and UTUC, but not showing differences between C and N. Among these CpG sites, 10 were located within CpG islands or their shores and shelves included in genomic domains where DNA methylation levels are stably controlled, allowing discrimination of UTUC even from BUC. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for discrimination of UTUC from N in these 10 CpG and neighbouring sites (37 diagnostic panels in total) yielded area under the curve values of 0.959-1.000, with a sensitivity and specificity of 86.6-100% and 93.5-100%, respectively. The diagnostic impact was successfully confirmed in the validation cohort. Our criteria were useful for diagnosis of UTUC, regardless of its clinicopathological features. Application of our criteria to voided urine samples will ultimately allow non-invasive DNA methylation diagnosis of UTUC.Copy number variations are primary source of genetic variations, which are associated with essential traits in many organisms. During recent years, there have been numerous research works that reveal functions of CNV. However, these studies provide only several references about copy number variations in the sheep genome. In this study, we examined the copy number variation of the TOP2B gene in three Chinese sheep breeds (Chaka sheep, Hu sheep, Small-tailed Han sheep) and performed correlation analysis with growth traits, to detect the influence of CNVs. TOP2B copy numbers were divided into three distribution groups (gain, median, loss) in three Chinese sheep breeds. The distribution amount of copy number less then 2 of TOP2B CNVs was dominant in all sheep breeds. The statistical analysis showed that TOP2B CNV had a significant effect on body length in CK sheep (p less then 0.05), and effects on chest circumference, canon circumference (p less then 0.05) in HU sheep. CNVs in STH sheep breed were relevant to chest circumference and height of hip cross (p less then 0.05). selleck chemical These results confirmed the relationship between CNV of TOP2B gene and growth traits in three sheep breeds, and provide a reliable reference for sheep breeding.The relationship between platelet count and risk of major bleeding in patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE) during anticoagulation remains unclear. We therefore investigated the association between platelet count, measured at VTE diagnosis and before the thrombotic event, and risk of major bleeding. Participants comprised 744 patients with incident VTE derived from the Tromsø Study. Major bleedings were recorded during the first year after VTE. Cox-regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) for major bleeding across platelet count quartiles. There were 55 major bleedings (incidence rate 9.1/100 person-years, 95% confidence interval [CI] 7.0-11.8). The major bleeding risk increased across quartiles of platelet count measured at VTE diagnosis (P for trend less then 0.02). In the age- and sex-adjusted model, subjects with platelet count in the highest quartile (≥300x109/L) had a 4.3-fold (95% CI 1.7-10.9) higher risk of major bleeding compared to those with platelet count in the lowest quartile (≤192x109/L), and exclusion of patients with cancer yielded similar results. When platelet count was measured on average 7 years before a VTE, the corresponding HR was 2.5 (95% CI 0.9-6.7). Our results suggest that increasing platelet count, assessed several years before and at VTE diagnosis, is associated with a higher risk of major bleeding, and could be a stable individual marker of major bleeding risk in VTE-patients.Members of the Cryptococcus species complex stand out by unique virulence factors that allowed evolutionary transition to pathogenesis. Among the factors contributing to cryptococcosis is a morphological transformation into giant (Titan) cells. It remains unclear whether species outside of the C. neoformans/C. gattii species complex are capable of titanization. We utilized two recently developed protocols that allow obtaining Titan cells in vitro to test if titanization occurs in non-C. neoformans/C. gattii species. We find that none of the tested strains, representing 10 species of basidiomycetous yeasts and the ascomycetous yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, undergo significant titanization under conditions that promote robust Titan cell formation in C. neoformans/C. gattii species complex. C. terreus formed occasional enlarged cells through a mechanism potentially similar to that of titanization. Our findings suggest that titanization is a rare phenomenon among basidiomycetous yeasts that occurs mostly in members of the C. link2 neoformans/C. gattii species complex.How we think and talk about space is an essential ability, necessary for understanding the world around us. We recruit spatial thinking every day when finding our way or using tools but also in more advanced tasks, such as reading complex graphs or maps. We do so also in daily communication when we use spatial language, terms such as under, over, to the left of or in front of, and when we give instructions. Spatial terms appear in children's early vocabularies and continue to develop until late childhood or even early adolescence. Because spatial language develops over many years, some spatial terms are mastered very early, whereas others take longer to acquire. In the current set of studies, we tested how intellectually high-functioning children and adults on the autism spectrum use and understand these early- and late-acquired spatial terms in comparison to typically developing age-matched individuals. link3 We found that children and adults on the autism spectrum experience difficulties with the use of some spatial terms (e.g. near and far or out of and down off) but not with others, which are acquired early (e.g. in and on or over and under). We also found that remembering spatial terms from short stories was more difficult for the individuals on the autism spectrum compared with typically developing individuals. These results reveal difficulties that can profoundly affect everyday communication of children and adults on the autism spectrum but also open new directions of research on language development in autism spectrum disorders.
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