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Normal Charge-Transfer Examination: Eliminating Spurious Charge-Transfer Declares inside Time-Dependent Thickness Useful Principle via Diabatization, along with Program to be able to Projection-Based Embedding.
The adverse effects of fine atmospheric particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters of ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) are closely associated with particulate chemicals. In this study, PM2.5 samples were collected from highway and industry sites in Hangzhou, China, during the autumn and winter, and their cytotoxicity and pulmonary toxicity and endocrine-disrupting potential (EDP) were evaluated in vitro and in vivo; the particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalate esters (PAEs), and heavy metals were then characterized. The toxicological results suggested that the PM2.5 from highway site induced higher cytotoxicity (cell viability inhibition, intracellular oxidative stress, and cell membrane injury) and pulmonary toxicity (inflammatory response (IR) and oxidative stress (OS)) than the samples from industry site, while the PM2.5 from industry site exhibited higher EDP (estrogenic and anti-androgenic activity). The cytotoxicity and pulmonary toxicity of PM2.5 in the winter were higher than those in the autumn, while no seasonal difference in the endocrine-disrupting potential was observed (p > 0.05). The Pearson correlation analysis between the biological effects and particulate chemicals revealed that the PM2.5-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress were closely associated with the particulate PAHs and heavy metals (Pearson correlation coefficients rIR, PAHs = 0.822-0.988, rIR, heavy metals = 0.895-0.971, rOS, PAHs = 0.843-0.986, and rOS, heavy metals = 0.887-0.933), while particulate di (2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) substantially contributed to the EDP of PM2.5 (rEDP, DEHP = 0.981). This study indicated that the toxicity and EDP of PM2.5 could vary with the surrounding environment and season, which was closely associated with the variations of particulate chemicals. Further studies are needed to clarify the associations between the harmful effects of PM2.5 and other contributing factors.The Mytilus mussels are spread all over the world and many related species coexist in several areas and can produce hybrid offspring. Mussels have been used for decades in national and international programs to monitor chemical contamination in the environment. Differences in bioaccumulation and biotransformation abilities between species and their hybrids should be evaluated to assess the comparability of the results obtained within the international biomonitoring programs. The objective of this study was to characterize bioaccumulation abilities and biomarker responses in Mytilus edulis, Mytilus galloprovincialis and their hybrids via an in situ transplantation experimentation on their progenies. Four mussel groups (M. edulis, M. galloprovincialis and two hybrids batches) issued from genetically characterized parents were transplanted for one year in Charente Maritime (France) to ensure their exposure to identical sources of contamination. The bioaccumulation of several families of contaminants (trace metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls), the response of several biomarkers (DNA strand breaks level, lysosomal membrane stability, metallothionein content, acetylcholine esterase activity) and some physiological parameters (growth, mortality, gonadal development), were analyzed. Differences were observed between species, however they were contaminant-specific. Variations in contaminants levels were observed between progenies, with higher levels of Cu, PBDE, PCB in M. edulis, and higher levels of Cd, Hg, Zn in M galloprovincialis. This study demonstrated that variations in contaminant bioaccumulation and different biomarker responses exist between Mytilus species in the field. Data on species or the presence of hybrid individuals (or introgression) is an important additional parameter to add to biomonitoring programs databases.People who relocate to a new environment may experience health effects from a change in ambient air pollution. We undertook a literature review of studies of such relocations and health effects and report the results as a narrative analysis. Fifteen articles of heterogeneous designs met the inclusion criteria. Four short-term (relocation duration less than six months) and three long-term (relocation duration six months or greater) studies reported evidence of the effect of relocation on physiological outcome, biomarkers or symptoms. All had potential weaknesses of design or analysis but, as a whole, their results are broadly consistent in suggesting short-term adverse effects of air pollutants or their reversibility. One long-term study provided evidence that changes in air pollution exposure during adolescence have a measurable effect on lung function growth. Four cohort studies were also identified that used relocation to strengthen evidence of air-pollution-exposure relationships by using a design that incorporates effective randomization of exposure or the use of relocation to improve exposure classification. However, three studies of relocation during pregnancy provided limited evidence to conclude an effect of relocation-related change in exposure on pregnancy outcome. Overall, most relocation studies are consistent with short- or long-term adverse effects of air pollution on biological function or mortality, but many studies of change in exposure have design weaknesses that limit the robustness of interpretation. We outline principles for improved design and analysis to help strengthen future studies for the insights they can provide from their quasi-experimental designs, including on the nature and timing of functional changes of relocation-related changes in exposure to ambient air pollution.Migratory bird species may serve as vectors of contaminants to Antarctica through the local deposition of guano, egg abandonment, or mortality. To further investigate this chemical input pathway, we examined the contaminant burdens and profiles of the migratory South polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki) and compared them to the endemic Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae). A range of persistent organic pollutants were targeted in muscle and guano to facilitate differentiation of likely exposure pathways. A total of 56 of 65 targeted analytes were detected in both species, but there were clear profile and magnitude differences between the species. The South polar skua and Adélie penguin muscle tissue burdens were dominated by p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (mean 5600 ng g-1 lw and 330 ng g-1 lw respectively) and hexachlorobenzene (mean 2500 ng g-1 lw and 570 ng g-1 lw respectively), a chemical profile characteristic of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean region. Species profile differences, indicative of exposure at different latitudes, were observed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), with lower chlorinated congeners and deca-chlorinated PCB-209 detected in South polar Skua, but not in Adélie penguins. Notably, the more recently used perfluoroalkyl substances and the brominated flame retardants, hexabromocyclododecane and tetrabromobisphenol A, were detected in both species. This finding suggests local exposure, given the predicted slow and limited long-range environmental transport capacity of these compounds to the eastern Antarctic sector.Muscle melanisation in sand flathead is visible as black spots in the normally white flesh of fish. It is widespread in Tasmania, including at the Tamar Estuary, with increasing frequency of reporting by recreational fishers. The phenomenon is more prevalent in areas impacted by heavy metal pollution and has been linked to heavy metal accumulation. In this study, image processing software ImageJ was employed to study the phenomenon and to establish an objective rating system. A longitudinal profile plot was used to study the greying of the fillet. The degree of melanisation was rated based on the percentage surface area melanised on the surface and in transverse sections of fillets. A muscle melanisation scoring system for sand flathead was established based on visual interpretation using the macroscopic melanisation scoring criteria melanisation scores 0 = 20% (% = melanised surface area in proportion to the whole fillet). mTOR phosphorylation A refined image analysis technique was developed to quantify the percentage of melanised muscle surface area and the muscle melanisation scoring system was statistically validated. Sand flathead fillet with higher melanisation score was shown to be linked to increased intensity of greyness and greater numbers and size of black spots on the surface of fillets and within the flesh. The greying and black spots were primarily concentrated at the anterior region of fillet and around the dorsal vertebrae zone on transverse section of fillets. Overall, findings from this study established the use of image analysis techniques to validate visual inspection and to give a standardised and objective method to determine the degree of melanisation in sand flathead. As muscle melanisation appears to be linked to heavy metal pollution, the standardised scoring system would facilitate future research in melanisation for environmental pollution and monitoring purposes.Electric and magnetic fields characterized by high efficiency, low consumption and environment-friendly performance have recently generated interest as a possible measure to enhance the performance of the biological treatment process used to remove refractory organics. Few studies have been carried out to-date regarding the simultaneous application of electric and magnetic fields on biofilm process to degrade diclofenac. In this study, 3DEM-BAF was designed to evaluate the electrio-magnetic superposition effect on diclofenac removal performance, kinetics, community structure and synergistic mechanism. The results show that 3DEM-BAF could significantly increase the average removal rate of diclofenac by 65.30 %, 57.46 %, 9.48 % as compared with that of BAF, 3DM-BAF, 3DE-BAF, respectively. The diclofenac degradation kinetic constants and dehydrogenase activity of 3DEM-BAF were almost 6.72 and 2.53 times higher than those of BAF. Microorganisms of 3DEM-BAF in the Methylophilus and Methyloversatilis genera were distinctively enriched, which was attributed to the screening function of electric field and propagation effect of magnetic field. Moreover, three processes were found to contribute to diclofenac degradation, namely electro-magnetic-adsorption, electro-chemical oxidation and electro-magnetic-biodegradation. Thus, the simultaneous application of electric and magnetic fields on biofilm process was demonstrated to be a promising technique as well as a viable alternative in diclofenac degradation enhancement.The inorganic components of particulate matter (PM), especially transition metals, have been shown to contribute to PM toxicity. In this study, the spatial distribution of PM elements and their potential sources in the Greater Los Angeles area were studied. The mass concentration and detailed elemental composition of fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM2.5-10) particles were assessed at 46 locations, including urban traffic, urban community, urban background, and desert locations. Crustal enrichment factors (EFs), roadside enrichments (REs), and bivariate correlation analysis revealed that Ba, Cr, Cu, Mo, Pd, Sb, Zn, and Zr were associated with traffic emissions in both PM2.5 and PM2.5-10, while Fe, Li, Mn, and Ti were affected by traffic emissions mostly in PM2.5. The concentrations of Ba, Cu, Mo, Sb, Zr (brake wear tracers), Pd (tailpipe tracer), and Zn (associated with tire wear) were higher at urban traffic sites than urban background locations by factors of 2.6-4.6. Both PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 elements showed large spatial variations, indicating the presence of diverse emission sources across sampling locations.
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