Notes

Aftereffect of extra fat and also sweets substitute on rheological, textural as well as health features of multigrain biscuits.
Diabetes increases fracture and falls risks. We evaluated the performance of the Garvan fracture risk calculator (FRC) in individuals with versus without diabetes. Using the population-based Manitoba bone mineral density (BMD) registry, we identified individuals aged 50-95 years undergoing baseline BMD assessment from 1 September 2012, onwards with diabetes and self-reported falls in the prior 12 months. Five-year Garvan FRC predictions were generated from clinical risk factors, with and without femoral neck BMD. We identified non-traumatic osteoporotic fractures (OF) and hip fractures (HF) from population-based data to 31 March 2018. Fracture risk stratification was assessed from area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROC). Cox regression analysis was performed to examine the effect of diabetes on fractures, adjusted for Garvan FRC predictions. The study population consisted of 2618 women with and 14,064 without diabetes, and 636 and 2201 men with and without the same, respectively. The Garvan FRC provided significant OF and HF risk stratification in women with diabetes, similar to those without diabetes. Analyses of OF in men were limited by smaller numbers; no significant difference was evident by diabetes status. Cox regression showed that OF risk was 23% greater in women with diabetes adjusted for Garvan FRC including BMD (hazard ratio [HR] 1.23, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.49), suggesting it slightly underestimated risk; a non-significant increase in diabetes-related HF risk was noted (HR 1.37, 95% CI 0.88-2.15). Garvan FRC shows similar fracture risk stratification in individuals with versus without diabetes, but may underestimate this risk.
Human anatomy is a core course of basic medicine and the first professional course for medical students. Traditional teaching includes "teacher-centered" instruction, passive learning, and a lack of interaction between teachers and students as well as between students. The aim of this study was to develop a "student-centered" multielement fusion teaching mode to address the mentioned drawbacks.

A total of 141 clinical medical students from grades 2016 and 2017 of Chengde Medical University participated in this study. The students were randomly divided into four classes two experimental classes and two control classes. The experimental classes experienced a "student-centered" multielement fusion teaching mode, while the control classes experienced a traditional teaching method. Formative assessments and questionnaires were used to assess the students' preferences and obtain feedback. Theoretical and experimental tests were carried out to detect the students' scores at the end of the semester.

The resultsThis teaching mode not only improved students' interest in learning and increased the interaction between teachers and students as well as between students but also enhanced students' competence and will lay a solid foundation for their future careers.
The physicians say that the least anatomy is required for clinical practice. But the disease causes anatomical distortions or variations in structures impairing functions of organs and systems. So, the diagnosis and analysis of treatment of disease depend on interwoven inter-relationship among Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology, Radiology and clinical sciences. Consequently, the upcoming doctors are to be cultivated sufficient anatomy. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze viewpoints of medical students, faculties and practitioners regarding degree of need of Anatomy in clinical practice.

A feedback survey has been carried out among students and faculties to seek their views on the need of Anatomy in clinical practice using two hypotheses. Hypothesis 1 defines the degree of need of Anatomy ('most essential', 'essential' and 'least essential') in clinical practice based on answers of questionnaire by medical students and faculties, whereas hypothesis 2 assigns weights depending on knowledge and experience of the feedback providers. The means/weighted means of views have been statistically analyzed. Additionally, the literature survey was carried out on the demand, necessity, importance, usefulness and applicability of Anatomy in clinical practice.

Our statistical analysis revealed that Anatomy is 'most essential' for clinical practice. In literature survey too, the inadequate knowledge of anatomy among medical students leads to poor comprehension of clinical practice. So, anatomy is most essential for clinical practice.

Sound knowledge of Human Anatomy is most essential during medical practice for Physicians.
Sound knowledge of Human Anatomy is most essential during medical practice for Physicians.
The atrial muscle sleeve (AMS) of the pulmonary vein is the most common source of the arrhythmogenic triggers in atrial fibrillation (AF). Anatomical substrate generating these ectopic currents is still elusive. GSK343 in vivo The present study was designed to study the AMS of pulmonary veins with an emphasis on the structural basis which might govern AF initiation and perpetuation.

The study was conducted on a longitudinal tissue section of pulmonary vein, taken from 15 human cadaveric nondiseased hearts. Tissue was studied histologically using H&E and Gömöri trichrome stain. The pacemaker channels were identified by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal HCN4 and HCN1 antibodies.

The AMS was identified in each pulmonary vein, located between the tunica adventitia and tunica media. A node-like arrangement of myocytes was seen within the AMS in 30% of veins. It had a compact zone limited by a fibrous capsule and contained much smaller, paler and interconnected myocytes. Outside the capsule, there was a zone of dispersed, singly placed myocytes separating the compact zone from the working myocytes of the AMS. HCN4 and HCN1 antibodies were expressed on the cell membrane of nodal myocytes, while the working myocytes demonstrated none to minimal staining.

Pulmonary veins nodes are similar to the specialized cardiac conductive tissue in the histological arrangement of compact and transitional zones, cellular characteristics and the presence of pacemaker channels. They might be the anatomical basis of ectopic arrhythmogenic foci. To our knowledge, these nodes are being described for the first time in human.
Pulmonary veins nodes are similar to the specialized cardiac conductive tissue in the histological arrangement of compact and transitional zones, cellular characteristics and the presence of pacemaker channels. They might be the anatomical basis of ectopic arrhythmogenic foci. To our knowledge, these nodes are being described for the first time in human.
To investigate the clinical course and optimal management for spontaneous isolated intramural hematoma of the superior mesenteric artery (SIHSMA).

From January 2015 to October 2020, a total of 31 consecutive patients with SIHSMA were included in this study. The demographics, clinical features, treatment details, imaging information, and outcomes were reviewed.

There were 24 males and 7 females, with a mean age of 54.9years (SD 6.9years). Seven patients (7/31, 23%) were associated with ulcer-like projection (ULP), one patient (1/31, 3%) with intramural blood pool (IBP), and the remaining twenty-three patients (23/31, 74%) had no ULP or IBP. All patients were initially managed conservatively and underwent a median follow-up of 25.5months (IQR 14.5, 39.9), which showed 3 patients (3/31, 10%) subsequently underwent stenting (2 within 7days and 1 after 1.5months), 1 patient (1/31, 3%) progressed to a localized dissection 7months later but remained stable and asymptomatic until the time of writing, and the remaining patients (27/31, 87%) had no progression. In the present cohort, the overall survival was 100% (31/31). The free-from progression and stenting rate under conservative treatment was 87% (27/31). The invasive intervention rate was 10% (3/31). The natural complete regression rate of IMH in patients without ULP was higher than those with ULP (91% [21/23] vs. 29% [2/7], p = .003).

The majority of patients with SIHSMA can be managed conservatively. Patients with ULP seemed to have a lower IMH regression rate than those without ULP.
The majority of patients with SIHSMA can be managed conservatively. Patients with ULP seemed to have a lower IMH regression rate than those without ULP.
Aged surgical patients are at a relatively higher risk of morbidity and mortality than younger surgical patients. The present study aimed to investigate the trends and research status of perioperative care for the elderly in the anesthesiology field.

We screened manuscripts published between May 31, 1991, and May 31, 2020, from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). A clustered network was derived from all references cited in all of the included manuscripts. The top authors, journals, institutions, countries, keywords, co-cited articles, and trends were identified through bibliometric analysis and visualization using CiteSpace 5.8.R3 and VOSviewer 1.6.15.

We included a total of 1860 manuscripts published between 1991 and 2020. The number of publications on perioperative care for the elderly sharply increased from 2014 onwards. The United States of America and the University of California, San Francisco were the leading publication country (24.8%, 461/1860) and institution (2.6%, 48/1860), respectivrched topic in the perioperative care for the elderly.Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a very common gynecological disease during childbearing period and markedly affects female fertility. Until now, there are no studies evaluating the possible curative effect of diacerein (DIA) in induced PCOS. For the first time, we aimed in current model to study the effect of DIA (50 mg/kg/day) orally for 3 weeks on experimentally induced PCOS by letrozole (1 mg/kg/day) for 3 weeks. We measured rats' body weight changes, levels of serum insulin, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), testosterone, inflammasome, caspase1, and total anti-oxidant capacity (TAC). Moreover, we measured ovarian tissue parameters as malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin 1β (IL1β), real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR) of Bcl2-associated X protein (Bax), and interleukin 10 (IL10) gene expression changes. Furthermore, histopathological features and anti-apoptotic marker B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) immunoexpression changes were evaluated. Our results showed that letrozole markedly induced PCOS as manifested by significant increase in serum testosterone, insulin, AMH, rats' body weights, ovarian tissue MDA, IL1β, inflammasome, and caspase1 but decrease of serum TAC. In addition, gene expression of Bax increased but IL10 gene expression decreased. Ovaries showed the typical histopathological changes of PCOS with no immunoexpression of Bcl2. DIA was greatly able to ameliorate letrozole-induced PCOS changes in rats mainly via prevention of IL1β, and improving metabolic disturbances, and its anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects with further regulation of inflammasome/caspase1/IL1β and Bax/Bcl2 pathways.Several studies have focused on the high potential effects of probiotics on the reproductive system. However, there is a paucity of information regarding the ameliorative intracellular roles of indigenous Iranian yogurt-extracted/cultured probiotics on animals' reproductive health suffering from obesity and/or fatty liver disease, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). For this purpose, simultaneously with the consumption of D-fructose (200 g/1000 mL water, induction of NAFLD model), all pubertal animals were also gavaged every day for 63 consecutive days with extracted probiotics, including 1 × 109 CFU/mL of Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA), Bifidobacterium spp. (BIF), Bacillus coagulans (BC), Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LR), and a mixture form (LA + BIF + BC + LR). At the end of the ninth week, the indices of epididymal sperm, and oxidative stress, as well as histopathological changes, were assessed. The results show that NAFLD could induce robust oxidative stress, highlighted as considerable increments in ROS level, TBARS content, total oxidized protein levels, along with severe decrements in reduced glutathione reservoirs, total antioxidant capacity in the hepatic and testicular tissues, as well as testicular and hepatic histopathological alterations.
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