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The histopathological studies in the hippocampus supported that Mel markedly reduced the Ni-induced neuronal loss. In conclusion, this study suggests that Mel has a neuroprotective effect against Ni-induced neurobehavioral alterations, which may be related to lowering OS in the hippocampus.There has been growing concern over the effects of heat waves on health. However, the effects of heat waves on the health of individuals in vulnerable groups have rarely been examined. We aimed to investigate the acute health effects of heat waves in elderly individuals living in rural areas and to survey their adaptation capacity. Repeated measurements of body temperature (BT), blood pressure, sleep disturbance, and indoor temperature were conducted up to six times for each of 104 elderly individuals living in rural areas of South Korea during the 2018 heat wave. Changes in BT, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) according to variations in indoor and outdoor temperature were analyzed using linear mixed effect models controlling for age, sex, smoking, and drug use. We also surveyed heat wave adaptation capacity, heat wave shelters, and self-reported health problems. The average indoor temperature measured during the study period was 30.5°C (range 22.9-38.3°C) and that of ambient temperature was 30.6°C (range 24.6-36.3°C). BT significantly increased with indoor and outdoor temperatures. The effect on BT was greater in elderly women and the elderly with hypertension. DBP generally decreased with increasing indoor temperature, though the correlation was only statistically significant among the elderly with hypertension. Only 22 (21.2%) individuals used air conditioners during the heat wave. Most did not use an air conditioner mainly to avoid high electricity costs. Of the participants, 58.7% reported experiencing sleep disturbance, which was the most frequent self-reported health problem. Elderly individuals living in rural areas are directly exposed to high temperatures during heat waves, and their vital signs are sensitive to increases in indoor temperature due to poor adaptation capacity. Well-designed strategies for alleviating health-related stress during heat waves are necessary.Ambient air pollution (AAP), as an important environmental health problem, affects everyone. A large body of literature links AAP, such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) and ozone (O3), with a wide range of non-communicable diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the pollutants on the bone metabolism biochemical parameters in a rat model. Thirty-two male Wistar rats were divided to four groups control, SO2 (10 ppm), O3 (0.6 ppm), and AAP groups. After 5 weeks of exposure (3 hours/day, 6 days/week), blood samples were taken, and biochemical parameters were assayed. Vitamin D level of the AAP group was higher than the control and SO2 groups (p=0.004 and 0.003). Parathyroid hormone (PTH) level of the O3 group was significantly higher than the AAP group (p=0.006). Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), phosphorus, magnesium levels of the SO2 group; Vit D, ALP, osteocalcin (OC), and PTH of O3 group; and OC and osteoprotegerin (OPG) of AAP group were higher than those of control group but differences were not significant. Calcium level of the SO2 group; OPG and calcium of O3 group; and PTH of AAP group were less than those of control group but differences were not significant (p>0.05). The results showed significant effect of AAP with natural daylight on vitamin D and also O3 on PTH of the rats. In the concentrations and conditions of the study, we didn't find any significant unwanted effects of AAP, SO2, and O3 on the bone biochemical parameters. More investigations with more concentrations and exposure time are recommended.This study investigated the neurotoxic effects of permethrin on the cerebellum, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of Wistar rats and its effects on some behavioral patterns. Fifteen adult male Wistar rats were grouped into three categories Group A received 0.1 mL normal saline (control), and Groups B and C received mixed feed with 500 mg/kg and 1,000 mg/kg of 0.6% permethrin, respectively, for 14 days. The animals were assessed for memory, anxiety and exploratory locomotion and thereafter anesthetized and transcardially perfused with normal saline and 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA). Cerebellum, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were excised from the whole brain and processed for tissue histology, histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Oxidative status and lipid peroxidation were also assessed using catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde as biomarkers. Results revealed dosedependent decrease in body weights but increase in cerebellar and prefrontal weights, depletion of endogenous antioxidant markers, cognitive deficits, reduced locomotor activities, degenerative changes in the microarchitecture at high doses and presence of chromatolytic cells at both low and high doses of permethrin. Astrocytes were activated while synaptophysin expression was downregulated. Permethrin causes dose-dependent neurotoxicity on the morphology, neurochemistry and oxidative status of different brain regions, and these could affect behavioral performance and other neurologic functions.Earthworms are the most abundant invertebrates in the soils and are permanently in close contact with soil particles. Therefore, they are significantly affected by the pollutants that reach the soil system. The study was aimed at evaluating the effect of exposure to crude oil contaminated soil on Eisenia fetida using cellular antioxidant enzymes and tissue organization as biomarkers. E. fetida were exposed to different concentrations of crude oil contamination of 1 mL, 2 mL. and 3 mL (0.25, 0.50 and 0.75%) for 14 days. The antioxidant/oxidant parameters were analysed in the muscle and liver tissues. The results showed that only the reduced glutathione (GSH) of earthworms exposed to 1 mL were not significant (p>0.05) from the control, while the other concentrations (2 mL - 0.50% and 3 mL - 0.75%) were significantly different (p less then 0.05) from the control. The activity of catalase (CAT) with respect to the total protein content was highest in the liver of earthworms exposed to 1 mL (0.25% conc.) on day 7 lar degeneration, moderate to severe areas of necrosis, areas of inflammation, inclusion bodies, pigments, and distortion of the shapes of circular and longitudinal muscles also showed the adverse impacts of crude oil pollution in the soils.On concurring to the current evidence, the myriad of vulnerable COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 19) transmission is acquiring through human-to-human transmission through droplets, which is depicting devastating pandemic. Urbanization and industrialization are the major contributing factors to the on-going change in global climate, with increased air pollution and poor air quality. As the global climate and air quality deteriorate, air pollutants remain as a fundamental concern to public health. Air pollution has been globally acknowledged as a major influence and exacerbating factor for human morbidity and mortality influenced on various respiratory diseases such as lung cancer, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, pneumonia, asthma, and influenza. Patients by long - term exposure to polluted air leads to chronic lung and heart conditions are less able to fight off lung infections and likely to die. Polluted air in developed countries is causing heart and lung damage and is responsible for early deaths in a year. This is also likely the case for COVID-19. The more severe impact by COVID-19 on city dwellers and those exposed to toxic fumes leads to the primary health damage such as respiratory infections than on others. The health damage inflicted on people by long-standing air pollution in cities is likely to increase the death rate by COVID-19. By lowering air pollution levels probability to reduce the spread of most vulnerable viruses by aerosol to fight against any possible future pandemics.
Children with excess weight and asthma tend to respond less well to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) than children with normal weight, potentially resulting in nonadherence to ICS.

To assess whether excess weight (body mass index ≥85th percentile) was associated with general, unintentional, and intentional nonadherence to ICS in children with asthma.

We analyzed data from 566 children aged 4-13 years with asthma, who used ICS as maintenance therapy, from the cross-sectional Pharmacogenetics of Asthma medication in Children Medication with Anti-inflammatory effects study. General nonadherence was measured objectively with the proportion of days covered (<50%) and subjectively with the parent-reported Medication Adherence Rating Scale (MARS <21) reflecting parent-reported nonadherent behavior. IBMX solubility dmso Unintentional and intentional nonadherence were defined as forgetting to take medication and deliberately changing or skipping doses, respectively, from specific items of the MARS. We performed logistic regression analyses, stratifying estimates by asthma severity and age group.

Excess weight was associated with a trend towards increased odds of parent-reported nonadherent behavior (odds ratio [OR] 1.54; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.84-2.81) and objectively measured general nonadherence, but only in moderate-to-severe asthma (OR 1.71; 95% CI 0.84-3.48). The odds of intentional, but not unintentional, nonadherence seemed to be greater in children with excess weight than normal weight (OR 1.94; 95% CI 0.94-4.01), and the association appeared to be stronger in younger (OR 2.17; 95% CI 1.00-4.73) versus older children (OR 1.18; 95% CI 0.36-3.94).

Excess weight was associated with general nonadherence to ICS, but only in children with moderate-to-severe asthma, and nonadherent behavior, which seemed to be intentional.
Excess weight was associated with general nonadherence to ICS, but only in children with moderate-to-severe asthma, and nonadherent behavior, which seemed to be intentional.Approximately 40% of hypoxemic term/near-term neonates are nonresponders to inhaled nitric oxide (iNO). Phenotypic characterization of patients less likely to respond may improve diagnostic precision and therapeutic decisions. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of neonates born ≥35 weeks gestation with hypoxemia who received iNO in the first 72 h of life and classified them into responders and nonresponders according to changes in the fraction of inspired oxygen, saturations and/or arterial partial pressure of oxygen after 1 h of administration. Comprehensive targeted neonatal echocardiography (TnECHO) data were collected when performed up to 6 h prior or 24 h after iNO initiation. Descriptive statistics, univariate analysis, and binary logistic regression were used to compare the groups. There were 183 patients included (63% responders) and TnECHO was performed in 54 infants. The presence of lung disease, and particularly meconium aspiration syndrome (p = .004), was associated with nonresponse to iNO. Nonresponders were characterized by a higher need for rescue high-frequency ventilation (p  .05) and lower left ventricular strain (p  less then  .05) were more likely in the nonresponder group. In summary, response to iNO is influenced by lung disease, choice of ventilation strategy, and perhaps underlying cardiovascular physiology. Prospective pre- and post-iNO echocardiography data may provide novel physiologic insights.
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