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Decellularized spine meninges extracellular matrix hydrogel that will sustains neurogenic differentiation and vascular composition formation.
020, = 0.011, less then 0.001, less then 0.001, respectively). Conclusions There is a robust relationship between PDUD and suicidality in US adults with a history of chronic pain. Ethnicity, gender, and comorbid mood, anxiety or substance use disorders can predict suicidality among individuals with both chronic pain and PDUD. Longitudinal studies need to investigate the causal relationship between PDUD and suicidality among those populations.Purpose of review Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular events, and progression to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). The kidneys play a causative role in hypertension, but they are also organs vulnerable to hypertensive injury. Thus far, goals for optimal blood pressure in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and ESKD patients are not fully elucidated. Herein, we critically review the existing evidence. Recent findings Large randomized controlled trials (RCTs) continue to be deemed as the best source of evidence to guide optimal blood pressure goals in CKD and ESKD patients. Despite recent advances, the growing body of literature does not permit drawing definitive conclusions. Few adequately powered RCTs have specifically assessed goals for treatment of hypertension in patients with CKD. The most recent large RCT in hypertension, the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial, included a subset of patients with CKD and provided some insights. For the ESKD population, trials to evaluate blood pressure goals are even more scarce. The Blood Pressure in Dialysis Trial was a relatively small pilot study that can be deemed as hypothesis generating. Summary Management of hypertension in CKD is essential for optimization of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and renal outcomes. To date, the existing evidence does not fully clarify ideal targets for blood pressure control in this patient population.Purpose of review Acute mechanical circulatory support devices have become widely used in cardiogenic shock and high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) but there remains significant controversy over the evidence supporting their use and the specific roles of various devices. In this review, we summarize major recent studies and identify key areas of future investigation. Recent findings In cardiogenic shock, uncontrolled single arm studies emphasizing early mechanical circulatory support (MCS) have showed promising results, but randomized trials have either been stopped prematurely or enrolled patients with advanced shock unlikely to benefit from MCS. In high-risk PCI, only one randomized controlled trail has been performed, with practice guided largely by observational data. Summary Randomized trials of current-generation mechanical support devices incorporating contemporary best-practices and performed in clearly defined populations are badly needed to clarify the role of acute MCS devices in cardiogenic shock and high-risk PCI.Objective This study was carried out to evaluate the validity and reliability of the E-Cigarette Use Outcome Expectancies Scale (EUOES) in the Turkish context. Method The sample for the study was composed of 1,725 first-, second-, third-, and fourth-year university students aged 18-25 years. The data from the study were collected using a sociodemographic data collection form and the EUOES. Numbers and percentages were used for the evaluation of the data. In addition, content validity index, Pearson's correlation analysis, a paired samples t test, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were employed for the analysis of language validity and expert opinions. Findings As a result of the confirmatory factor analysis, the factor loadings of the scale were found to range from 0.450 to 0.939. The confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the fit indices of the scale were 0.90 and higher. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the scale was determined as .86. Conclusion As a result of the analysis, the EUOES was found to be a valid and reliable measurement tool for the Turkish sample.Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) are a new form of tobacco and marijuana administration that obscures the dangers of substance use and can be appealing to adolescents with a multitude of adolescent appeals and the use of electronic technology. As adolescent incidence of ENDS uses increases, health providers stand to lose ground with the past successes of tobacco- and substance-related health promotion as adolescents are initiated with the new technology. These risks identify the need for quality screening or the specific inclusion of ENDS products into our established screening methods. In addition, those who screen positive are provided quality interventions, such as motivational interviewing, that are effective and developmentally appropriate. By increasing our knowledge of ENDS, including them specifically in our regular screenings, and supporting adolescents in positive health choices, successful aversion of lifelong health risks can be overcome.Vaping is a fairly new and legal way young people are inhaling substances into their lungs. Very little is currently known about the immediate physiological impact or the psychosocial reasons surrounding vape use. This study used a mixed methods approach to (a) understand the short-term physiological implications of vape use compared with people who do not vape and (b) investigate the reasons people choose to vape compared with those who choose not to vape. Twenty-four people participated in the study 12 self-identified as nonvapers, and 12 self-identified as people who vape. All participants were between 18 and 24 years old. Qualitative analysis suggested people vape because they think it is cool, think it is less risky than smoking, and enjoy the social aspects of vaping. People who choose not to vape are concerned about the unknown health implications, think it is a waste of resources, and are apathetic toward it. Quantitative results revealed statistically significant increases in heart rate and decreases in the percentage of blood oxygenation after 20 minutes of vape use. Blood pressure, respiratory rate, and blood sugar scores did not significantly change after 20 minutes of vape use. Differences in the frequencies of men and women across the two groups were found. Significant differences found for systolic blood pressure, respiratory rate, and pulmonary function test became nonsignificant after controlling for gender. Both long- and short-term effects of vaping need to be further evaluated. The psychosocial reasons why certain people vape whereas others in the same peer group do not also need to be better understood.Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have rapidly increased in popularity within the last 2 years in Malaysia. The study aims to understand the association between e-cigarette use behaviors and salivary cotinine (a CYP2AA metabolite of nicotine) concentration to inform the development of future e-cigarette control policies. A convenience sample of saliva from 144 e-cigarette users was obtained between November and December 2015. The study participants used refill liquid containing between 0 and 12 mg/ml of nicotine. The overall median cotinine concentration of the study participants was 81.1 ng/ml (interquartile range = 8.5-195.8). Among the zero-nicotine and single e-cigarette users, the median cotinine level was 51.1 (interquartile range = 8.20-125.35) ng/ml. Factors significantly associated with a higher salivary cotinine concentration were dual use of e-cigarettes and tobacco cigarettes, regular and daily e-cigarette use, a longer duration of e-cigarette use, using a higher amount of e-liquid, and a shorter duration to finish a refill. Multivariate analysis revealed that e-cigarette use of 1-6 and 6-12 months (but not 1 month and below) was significantly associated with a higher cotinine concentration. Cotinine found in zero-nicotine e-liquids implies the importance of stringent regulatory governance for the consistency of labeled nicotine content of e-cigarette liquid in the market. Zero-nicotine e-cigarette users should also be informed of the likelihood of environmental exposure to tobacco smoke. Future studies conducted on larger samples are warranted to validate the association between duration of e-cigarette use and salivary cotinine concentration as well as to investigate underlying mechanisms.Psychiatric disorders and substance use disorders commonly co-occur and are major public health concerns given the morbidity and mortality associated with them. Globally, cannabis is among the most commonly used drugs, and cannabis use frequently begins in adolescence or emerging adulthood, both important periods of development and periods in which psychiatric symptoms and disorders frequently emerge. Thus, the relationships between cannabis use and mental illnesses are essential for nurses and other healthcare professionals and researchers to explore and understand. This literature review examines the relationships between cannabis use and depression, anxiety, and suicide. It includes a primer on the neurobiology of cannabis effects; an overview on the epidemiological evidence on the associations between cannabis use and depression, anxiety, and suicide; and a discussion of implications for nurses, particularly important given changes in the medical and recreational cannabis legislation in North America. SB939 Overall, this review found consistent evidence showing a cross-sectional association between recreational cannabis use and depression, anxiety, and suicide, despite some limitations and conflicts in the literature. In addition, most evidence from longitudinal or case control studies suggested cannabis use preceded the development of depressive symptoms and suicidal behaviors, although the quality of this evidence was mixed. Implications for future research and nursing practice are discussed.Synthetic marijuana use has increased significantly since 2008 among young adults in the United States, as have adverse reactions to it, leading to a dramatic increase in emergency department visits. However, much of the research conducted on it has been case studies, which report detrimental symptoms on an individual basis. Only a limited number of studies aim to better understand the larger parameters of this epidemic to assist health care providers and policy makers, including early detection, intervention, and adequate treatment. In addition, there has been limited critical review of this substance to help health care professionals educate the public about the negative health effects of using this drug. This article explores the critical reviews of synthetic marijuana, also commonly known as "K2" and "Spice," synthesizing information from literature reviews, case studies, media information, and government websites. Findings were organized by synthetic marijuana's history, description, adverse reactions including withdrawal symptoms and death incidents, detection screening, treatment, and legislative issues. Health care providers need to understand the detrimental effects of this illicit and harmful substance to both the body and mind and sometimes irreversible damage caused to individuals who consume it. Policy makers, the public, and affected individuals and their family members need to be educated as well.
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