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Neurotoxicity associated with mercury: a well used downside to modern day significance.
0073); and (iv) classification incorporating genomic data was highly predictive of recurrence (OR 13.20, P = 0.0197). The majority of STs and SMs have kinase fusions as primary initiating genomic events. The elimination of BRAF and/or NRAS mutated neoplasms from these categories results in the improved classification and prognostication of melanocytic neoplasms with Spitzoid cytomorphology. Lead intoxication can generate pro-inflammatory conditions that have been proposed to be associated with cell injuries and oxidative stress. The pro-inflammatory state can participate in the pathophysiology of this toxicity to generate immune response dysfunctions, which could condition the presence of clinical manifestations and susceptibility to infections already described in lead-exposed patients. In the present work, we study workers of a battery recycler factory (n = 24) who are chronically exposed to lead and compared them with non-lead exposed workers (n = 17). Lead-exposed workers had high lead concentrations in blood (med 69.8 vs. 1.7 μg/dL), low δ-ALAD activity (med 149 vs. 1100 nmol PBG/h/mL), high lipid peroxidation (med 0.86 vs. 0.69 nmol/mL) and high erythrocytes apoptosis (med 0.81 vs. 0.50% PS externalization) in relation to non-lead exposed workers. Also, lead-exposed workers had a high incidence of signs and symptoms related to lead intoxication and a higher frequency of infections. The higher leukocyte apoptosis (med 18.3 vs. 8.2% PS externalization) and lower basal TNF-α concentration (med 0.38 vs. 0.94 pg/mL) in lead-exposed workers imply an immune response dysfunction; however, there was no difference in the TNF-α concentration when leukocytes were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide in whole blood (med 44 vs. 70 pg/mL), suggesting that lead-exposed workers might develop adaptation mechanisms to reduce basal TNF-α release through downregulation processes proposed for this cytokine. A 59-year-old man with a history of muscle-invasive bladder cancer status post cystectomy with neobladder creation presented to the Emergency Department with a 4 month history of lower abdominal pain, dysuria and intermittent hematuria. He was found to have 2 massive bladder stones on CT scan, measuring 12 × 10.5 × 14 cm and 6.5 × 7.5 × 10 cm. Stones were successfully removed via open neocystolithotomy. Stones were composed of a mixture of Calcium phosphate (80%) and Calcium carbonate (20%). OBJECTIVE To highlight the feasibility and technical details of performing simultaneous ipsilateral pyeloplasty and ureteric re-implantation for simultaneous proximal and distal obstruction of the ureter. METHODS Two patients with preoperative diagnosis of proximal and distal ureteric obstruction underwent robot assisted simultaneous pyeloplasty and ureteric re-implantation. The patients were placed in right lateral oblique position and pyeloplasty was performed in standard manner. In both cases, Double J stent could not be negotiated beyond the vesico-ureteric junction into the bladder. The robot was dedocked and recentred around different ports to successfully perform uretero-neocystostomy over a 4.8 F double J stent. RESULTS The mean operative times were 154 minutes with operative blood loss of approximately 50 ml. The post-operative convalescence was good in both cases and Double J stents were removed after 6 weeks. Follow up diuretic renograms demonstrated stable renal function with unobstructed drainage. CONCLUSION Simultaneous repair of ipsilateral pelvi-ureteric and vesico-ureteric junction obstruction is safe and feasible contrary to traditional teachings. To the best of our knowledge this is the first description of robotic simultaneous pyeloplasty and ureteric reimplantation. OBJECTIVE To study and report on treatment outcomes after surgical intervention for post-radiation prostatic urethral stenosis. METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed, identifying all patients treated at our institution from July 2014-June 2018 with the ICD-10 code N42.89 for prostatic urethral stenosis. RESULTS Twenty-two patients were identified with the diagnosis of prostatic urethral stenosis. Patients who had less than 3 months of follow up or etiologies other than post-radiation were excluded from analysis. 16 patients were included in the final analysis with an average follow up of 2.6 years (range 3 months to 6.8 years). Average age was 74 years (range 63-84). The average number of interventions performed before referral to a reconstructive urologist was 2.2 (range 0-6). Following referral, an additional 1.2 procedures were performed. Transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) was the most common intervention, performed in 11 patients; urethroplasty was performed in 2 and the remainder underwent endoscopic incision or dilation. None of the urethroplasty patients required any further intervention for recurrent stenosis. Five patients became severely incontinent and required placement of an artificial urinary sphincter. CONCLUSIONS Prostatic urethral stenosis is a rare complication occurring after radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Endoscopic management can be successful in stabilizing patients, while urethroplasty can be feasibly performed in patients with short prostatic apical strictures. OBJECTIVE To determine the association between daily water intake and 24-hour urine volume among adolescents with nephrolithiasis in order to estimate a "fluid prescription", the additional water intake needed to increase urine volume to a target goal. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis of an ecological momentary assessment study that prospectively measured daily water intake of 25 adolescents with nephrolithiasis over 7 days. We identified 24-hour urine volumes obtained for clinical care within 12 months of water intake assessment. A linear regression model was fit to estimate the magnitude of the association between daily water intake and 24-hour urine volume, adjusting for age, sex, race, and daily temperature. RESULTS Twenty-two participants completed fifty-seven 24-hour urine collections within 12 months of the study period. Median daily water intake was 1.4 L (IQR 0.67-1.94). Median 24-hour urine volume was 2.01 L (IQR 1.20-2.73). A 1 L increase in daily water intake was associated with a 710 mL increase in 24-hour urine output (95% CI 0.55-0.87). Using the model output, the equation was generated to estimate the additional fluid intake needed (fluid prescription; FP) to produce the desired increase in urine output (dUOP) FP=dUOP/0.71. CONCLUSIONS The fluid prescription equation (FP = dUOP)/0.71), which reflects the relationship between water intake and urine volume, could be used to help adolescents with nephrolithiasis achieve urine output goals to decrease stone recurrence. OBJECTIVE To assess the accuracy of renal ultrasound (RUS) in detecting renal scarring (RS). METHODS All initial DMSA scans performed from 2006 to 2009 for history of urinary tract infection (UTI) or vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in patients under 14 years old were identified, and clinical history obtained via chart review. Patients who had RUS within 4 months of DMSA scan and no documented UTI during that interval were included. Decreased uptake of tracer associated with loss of contours or cortical thinning defined a positive DMSA study. Increased echogenicity/dysplasia, cortical thinning, atrophic kidney and/or abnormal corticomedullary differentiation defined a positive RUS. The sensitivity and specificity of RUS in identifying RS were calculated using DMSA scan as the gold standard. RESULTS A total of 144 patients had initial DMSA scans performed for UTI or VUR, with a RUS within 4 months, and no UTI between the 2 studies. Ninety-five of 144 (66%) had RS on DMSA and 49/144 (34%) did not. Patients with or without RS on DMSA were not different in gender (P = .073), age (P = .432), insurance (P = 1.000) or VUR grade (P = .132). Only 39/144 (27.1%) patients had positive RUS. The sensitivity of RUS for RS was 35.8% and the specificity was 89.8%, leading to an accuracy of 54.2% (95%CI; 45.7-62.5%, P = .999). CONCLUSION RUS demonstrated poor sensitivity for RS visualized on DMSA scan. This suggests that RUS is a poor screening test for RS or indicators of future renal scar. A normal ultrasound does not rule out RS or risk of future renal scar. Specificity of RUS was excellent. OBJECTIVE To compare a simultaneous vs sequential approach to residual post chemotherapy mass resections in metastatic testis cancer. METHODS A retrospective review was performed of patients who underwent retroperitoneal and thoracic/cervical resection of post chemotherapy residual masses between 2002 and 2018. Group 1 "Simultaneous" (Combined Retroperitoneal and Thoracic/Cervical resections on the same date); Group 2 "Sequential" (Retroperitoneal and Thoracic/Cervical resections at separate dates). RESULTS During the study period, 35 simultaneous and 17 sequential resections were performed. The median age at surgery was 28 years (Range 16-61). The median follow-up from last surgical procedure was 62.7 months (Range 0.4-194). Histology revealed teratoma in 38 (73.1%) patients, necrosis in 8 (15.4%) and viable tumor in 6 (11.5%). Discordant pathology findings between thoracic/cervical and abdominal resections were noted in 16 (30.8%) patients. No differences were observed between the simultaneous vs sequential groups in median operating time (585 minutes vs 545 minutes, P = .64), blood loss (1300 vs 1300 mls, P = .42), or length of stay (9 vs 11 days, P = .14). There was no difference between the 5-year (65.7% vs 68.6%) relapse-free survival between the 2 groups (P = .84) or the 5-year (88.6% vs 100%) overall and disease-specific survival (P = .25). CONCLUSION Simultaneous resection of retroperitoneal and thoracic/cervical post chemotherapy metastases is a feasible in some patients. It requires multidisciplinary collaboration and a longer primary procedure. OBJECTIVES To explore indications for a definitive perineal urethrostomy (PU). To objectify the proportion of patients not completing the final stage procedure in an intended multi-stage urethroplasty. To analyze the incentives for both of these scenarios. MATERIALS AND METHODS Since 2000, data of all men undergoing urethroplasty at our center have been collected in a database. This study included patients with a definitive PU and patients after ≥1 stages of an intended multi-stage urethroplasty. FR 180204 cell line Patients less then 18 years or with a follow-up less then 3 m were excluded. Descriptive statistics were used and groups were compared with nonparametric statistical tests. RESULTS Among 1015 urethroplasties, 34 patients underwent a definitive PU and 63 underwent ≥1 stages of an intended multi-stage urethroplasty with a median (IQR) follow-up of respectively 57 (31-120) and 32 (14-101) months. In the definitive PU group, patients were significantly older (P less then .001) and had more cardiovascular comorbidity (P = .01), panurethral stricture disease (P = .02) and longer strictures (P = .02) than patients in the multi-stage urethroplasty group. Half of the definitive PUs were surgeon driven and 33% were patient driven. Final stage procedures were completed by 35/63 (56%) patients. Patients not completing the final stage were significantly older (P = .001). CONCLUSION Definitive PU is particularly performed in older patients with worse cardiovascular condition, panurethral stricture disease and longer strictures. PU is often explicitly chosen by well informed patients and as nearly half of the patients refuse closure of the urethrostomy after the first stage, a definitive PU should be proposed as reasonable alternative to complicated urethral reconstruction from the start, especially in older patients.
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