Notes

The consequence involving Spiritual Treatment about Anxiety and Depression Amount in Patients Obtaining Hemodialysis Remedy: a new Randomized Governed Tryout.
The proportion of decedents with a benzodiazepine on post-mortem toxicology testing in combination with a benzodiazepine prescription (p < 0.001) or an opioid prescription (p = 0.005) was over two times higher in women than men.

Higher rates of controlled substance prescription prior to death and prescription drug co-exposures suggest that female opioid-involved drug overdose decedents are often in contact with the health care system immediately preceding their death, presenting the opportunity to create patient-centric approaches for prevention, harm reduction, and substance use treatment.
Higher rates of controlled substance prescription prior to death and prescription drug co-exposures suggest that female opioid-involved drug overdose decedents are often in contact with the health care system immediately preceding their death, presenting the opportunity to create patient-centric approaches for prevention, harm reduction, and substance use treatment.
As cannabis legalization spreads, so do concerns about potential harms from use during pregnancy. Legalization may facilitate improved patient-provider interactions about cannabis use. Yet little is known about pregnant people's discussions of cannabis use with healthcare providers in an environment where recreational cannabis is legal.

In May-August 2019, we conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews with 33 pregnant or postpartum people in California who used cannabis during pregnancy, and explored their discussions with healthcare providers about their cannabis use. We audio-recorded and transcribed interviews, and conducted thematic analysis using inductive and deductive methods.

Participants were diverse by age, race/ethnicity, and socio-economic position. Most reported daily cannabis use, both before and during pregnancy. Most participants did not disclose their cannabis use to their prenatal care providers, due to fears of being reported to child protective services (CPS), or fears of providerders' role as potential reporters to CPS appears to pose a significant barrier to comprehensive, compassionate counseling and education on cannabis use in pregnancy.
Consistent data highlight the presence and clinical significance of social cognition impairments in severe alcohol use disorder (SAUD). Selleckchem Ki16425 However, social perception and knowledge (i.e., the ability to interpret social situations and to identify latent social rules), an important social cognition component, has not yet been explored in this disorder.

35 patients with SAUD and 35 healthy controls (HC) completed the Social Perception and Knowledge test (PerSo), an experimental task requiring participants to comprehensively describe social situations and to identify the social rules illustrated in 8 pictures. We performed group and single-case analyses.

Patients with SAUD, as a group, spontaneously identified less relevant "where"/"who"/"what" aspects of the social situations (social perception) than HC. They were however able to provide these elements when explicitly asked to. They were also less able to identify the social rules that subtended the situations (social knowledge). Single-case analyses revealed that 23 % of patients were significantly impaired for social perception, and 34 % for social knowledge.

We provide novel evidence that SAUD is associated with social perception and knowledge impairments at the group level, and that these impairments strongly vary across patients. Such results should lead to the integration of social perception and knowledge impairments in the conceptualization and treatment of socio-affective difficulties in SAUD.
We provide novel evidence that SAUD is associated with social perception and knowledge impairments at the group level, and that these impairments strongly vary across patients. Such results should lead to the integration of social perception and knowledge impairments in the conceptualization and treatment of socio-affective difficulties in SAUD.
The opioid crisis in the United States continues to worsen. Several states have passed laws granting pharmacists the authority to independently prescribe (not just dispense) naloxone. Since pharmacists are accessible healthcare providers, enhancing their ability to prescribe naloxone, an effective opioid overdose reversal agent, may help combat the ongoing opioid overdose epidemic.

Using a nationally representative database on drug dispensing in 2010 to 2018 from Symphony Health, we conducted a cross-sectional study to assess whether state laws authorizing pharmacists to prescribe naloxone were associated with increased naloxone dispensing from retail pharmacies.

The number of naloxone prescriptions dispensed from retail pharmacies increased from 2010 to 2018 and doubled from 2017 to 2018. The presence of state laws authorizing pharmacists to prescribe naloxone is associated with an average increase of 331(95% CI = 43.56, 618.49) prescription dispensed per state per quarter. This represents an approximately 53% increase in naloxone dispensed compared to pharmacies in states where there were no such laws.

Our study suggests that state laws that allow pharmacists to prescribe and not just dispense naloxone at retail pharmacies can increase the availability and accessibility of naloxone. Adopting and implementing such laws may help reduce serious and life-threatening opioid overdoses.
Our study suggests that state laws that allow pharmacists to prescribe and not just dispense naloxone at retail pharmacies can increase the availability and accessibility of naloxone. Adopting and implementing such laws may help reduce serious and life-threatening opioid overdoses.Over 10 million adults report use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), with approximately 3.6 million reporting daily use. Even as the popularity of ENDS has increased, both as an available nicotine delivery system and an alternative to combustible cigarette smoking, few studies to date have examined ENDS cessation interest and related behaviors among ENDS users. The current study aimed to describe past year attempts to quit ENDS among current users and to investigate ENDS use / user characteristics associated with unsuccessful attempts to quit in the past year among adult, current, established ENDS users using data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study Wave 4. Over 10 % of ENDS users reported an attempt to quit completely in the past year, and 60 % indicated future intention to quit completely. Higher nicotine dependence, lower-frequency ENDS use, and higher interest in quitting were associated with past year attempts to quit ENDS. The current study adds support to claims that many ENDS users plan to quit using ENDS someday and highlights the need for continued research on ENDS cessation.
Methadone treatment of opioid use disorder in HIV-infected individuals is complicated by drug-drug interactions. Genetic and other cofactors further contribute to interindividual variability in methadone pharmacokinetics. We used population pharmacokinetics to estimate the effect of drug-drug interactions, genetics, and other cofactors on methadone pharmacokinetics in a methadone maintained population in Vietnam.

Plasma R- and S-methadone levels were measured in 309 methadone maintained individuals just before and 2-5 h following methadone dosing. A linear one-compartment population pharmacokinetic model with first-order conditional estimation with interaction was used to evaluate methadone clearance (CL/F) and volume of distribution (V/F). The influence of covariates on parameter estimates was evaluated using stepwise covariate modeling. Covariates included HIV status, antiretroviral use (efavirenz or nevirapine), weight, BMI, age, methadone dose, and 8 single nucleotide polymorphisms in across the CYP2Bing methadone CL/F were also confirmed. To our knowledge, this is the first report of HIV itself affecting methadone pharmacokinetics.
This study examined social and situational context predictors of prescription drug misuse among college-students at a large public university in the Midwest. Social and situational context predictors considered were hour of the day, weekend vs weekday, whether participants were at home or another place, and who they were with during instances of misuse. Salient social events, including home football games, city-regulated parties, and the 2019 Midwest polar vortex were also recorded.

Using ecological momentary assessment methodology, 297 students completed momentary reports for 28 days. Participants indicated whether they had misused prescription medication (sedatives or sleeping pills, tranquilizers or anxiety medications, stimulants, and pain relievers) and reported on their social and situational context in the moment of misuse.

Multilevel modeling indicated that participants were more likely to misuse prescription medication earlier in the day vs. the evening, on weekdays vs. weekends, when at home vs. not at home, and while alone vs. with others.

This study provides descriptive information on the social context in which prescription drug misuse is most likely to occur among college students. Our findings suggest that social and situational contexts of prescription drug misuse likely differ as compared to other substances (e.g., alcohol) among college students. Further research aimed at identifying momentary predictors of prescription drug misuse in this population is warranted.
This study provides descriptive information on the social context in which prescription drug misuse is most likely to occur among college students. Our findings suggest that social and situational contexts of prescription drug misuse likely differ as compared to other substances (e.g., alcohol) among college students. Further research aimed at identifying momentary predictors of prescription drug misuse in this population is warranted.
There is some compelling, though not comprehensive, epidemiological evidence which suggests an association between prenatal tobacco exposure and tobacco smoking/dependence in offspring. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify the magnitude and consistency of associations reported between prenatal tobacco exposure and subsequent tobacco smoking/dependence in offspring.

Using the PRISMA guideline, we systematically searched PubMed, SCOPUS, EMBASE and Psych-INFO to identify relevant studies. The methodological quality of all identified studies was checked by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Inverse variance weighted random effects meta-analysis was used to estimate pooled risk ratio (RR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI). We stratified outcomes by tobacco smoking initiation, lifetime tobacco smoking, current tobacco smoking and tobacco dependence. We further performed subgroup and leave-one-out sensitivity analyses. The protocol of this review was registered in the PROSPERO.

Twenty-six c prenatal tobacco smoking are at an increased risk of tobacco smoking/dependence, indicating that tobacco smoking cessation during gestation may be imperative to reduce these risks in offspring.Bifidobacterium is one of the dominating bacterial genera in the honey bee gut, and they are the key degrader of diet polysaccharides for the host. Previous genomic analysis shows that they belong to separate phylogenetic clusters and exhibited different functional potentials in hemicellulose digestion. Here, three novel strains from the genus Bifidobacterium were isolated from the guts of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). Phylogenomic analysis showed that the isolates could be grouped into four phylogenetic clusters. The average nucleotide identity values between strains from different clusters are less then 95%, while strains in Cluster IV belong to the characterized species Bifidobacterium asteroides. Carbohydrate-active enzyme annotation confirmed that the metabolic capacity for carbohydrates varied between clusters of strains. Cells are Gram-positive rods; they grew both anaerobically and in a CO2-enriched atmosphere. All strains grew at a temperature range of 20-42 °C, with optimum growth at 35 °C. The pH range for growth was 5-9.
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