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Advanced breast cancer is an outcome used to evaluate screening effectiveness. The advanced cancer definition resulting in the best discrimination of breast cancer death has not been studied in a breast imaging population.
52,496 women aged 40-79 years participating in the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium diagnosed with invasive cancer were staged using the eighth edition of American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) anatomic and prognostic pathologic systems and Tomosynthesis Mammographic Imaging Screening Trial (TMIST) tumor categories. We calculated the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for predicting 5-year breast cancer death and the sensitivity and specificity for predicting 5-year breast cancer death for three advanced cancer classifications; anatomic stage IIB or higher, prognostic pathologic stage IIA or higher, and TMIST advanced cancer.
The AUCs for predicting 5-year breast cancer death for AJCC anatomic stage, AJCC prognostic pathologic stage, and TMIST tumor c by investigators will facilitate comparing breast cancer screening effectiveness studies.Although extracellular vesicles (EVs) in body fluid have been considered to be ideal biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, it is still difficult to distinguish EVs derived from tumor tissue and normal tissue. Therefore, the prognostic value of tumor-specific EVs was evaluated through related molecules in pancreatic tumor tissue. NA sequencing data of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) were acquired from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC). EV-related genes in pancreatic cancer were obtained from exoRBase. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis was used to identify modules related to clinical stage. CIBERSORT was used to assess the abundance of immune and non-immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. A total of 12 PPI modules were identified, and the 3-PPI-MOD was identified based on the randomForest package. The genes of this model are involved in DNA damage and repair and cell membrane-related pathways. The independent external verification cohorts showed that the 3-PPI-MOD can significantly classify patient prognosis. Moreover, compared with the model constructed by pure gene expression, the 3-PPI-MOD showed better prognostic value. The expression of genes in the 3-PPI-MOD had a significant positive correlation with immune cells. Genes related to the hypoxia pathway were significantly enriched in the high-risk tumors predicted by the 3-PPI-MOD. External databases were used to verify the gene expression in the 3-PPI-MOD. The 3-PPI-MOD had satisfactory predictive performance and could be used as a prognostic predictive biomarker for pancreatic cancer.Gigantism results when one lineage within a clade evolves extremely large body size relative to its small-bodied ancestors, a common phenomenon in animals. Theory predicts that the evolution of giants should be constrained by two tradeoffs. First, because body size is negatively correlated with population size, purifying selection is expected to be less efficient in species of large body size, leading to increased mutational load. Second, gigantism is achieved through generating a higher number of cells along with higher rates of cell proliferation, thus increasing the likelihood of cancer. To explore the genetic basis of gigantism in rodents and uncover genomic signatures of gigantism-related tradeoffs, we assembled a draft genome of the capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), the world's largest living rodent. We found that the genome-wide ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous mutations (ω) is elevated in the capybara relative to other rodents, likely caused by a generation-time effect and consistent with a nearly-neutral model of molecular evolution. A genome-wide scan for adaptive protein evolution in the capybara highlighted several genes controlling post-natal bone growth regulation and musculoskeletal development, which are relevant to anatomical and developmental modifications for an increase in overall body size. Capybara-specific gene-family expansions included a putative novel anticancer adaptation that involves T cell-mediated tumor suppression, offering a potential resolution to the increased cancer risk in this lineage. Our comparative genomic results uncovered the signature of an intragenomic conflict where the evolution of gigantism in the capybara involved selection on genes and pathways that are directly linked to cancer.Bladder cancer (BC) is the most common tumor of the urinary tract. Increasing evidence showed that long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is a critical regulator in cancer development and progression. However, the functions of lncRNAs in the development of BC remain mostly undefined. In the present study, based on RNA sequence profiles from The Cancer Genome Atlas database, we identified 723 lncRNAs, 157 miRNAs, and 1816 mRNAs aberrantly expressed in BC tissues. A competing endogenous RNA network, including 49 lncRNAs, 17 miRNAs, and 36 mRNAs, was then established. The functional enrichment analyses showed that the mRNAs in the ceRNA network mainly participated in 'regulation of transcription' and 'pathways in cancer'. Moreover, the Cox regression analyses demonstrated that three lncRNAs (AC112721.1, TMPRSS11GP, and ADAMTS9-AS1) could serve as independent risk factors. We established a risk prediction model with these lncRNAs. Kaplan-Meier curve analysis showed that high-risk patients' prognosis was lower than that of low-risk patients (P=0.001). The present study provides novel insights into the lncRNA-mediated ceRNA network and the potential of lncRNAs to be candidate prognostic biomarkers in BC, which could help better understand the pathological changes and pathogenesis of BC and be useful for clinical studies in the future.How gene function evolves is a central question of evolutionary biology. It can be investigated by comparing functional genomics results between species and between genes. Most comparative studies of functional genomics have used pairwise comparisons. Hygromycin B nmr Yet it has been shown that this can provide biased results, as genes, like species, are phylogenetically related. Phylogenetic comparative methods should be used to correct for this, but they depend on strong assumptions, including unbiased tree estimates relative to the hypothesis being tested. Such methods have recently been used to test the "ortholog conjecture," the hypothesis that functional evolution is faster in paralogs than in orthologs. Although pairwise comparisons of tissue specificity (τ) provided support for the ortholog conjecture, phylogenetic independent contrasts did not. Our reanalysis on the same gene trees identified problems with the time calibration of duplication nodes. We find that the gene trees used suffer from important biases, due to the inclusion of trees with no duplication nodes, to the relative age of speciations and duplications, to systematic differences in branch lengths, and to non-Brownian motion of tissue specificity on many trees.
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