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Worldwide, localized, and also countrywide marketplace analysis chance assessment associated with 79 behavioural, environment and work, along with metabolism hazards as well as groupings involving pitfalls in 188 nations around the world, 1990-2013: a systematic evaluation for the World-wide Load regarding Condition Review 2013.
Dermacentor reticulatus as hematophagous arthropod has a great veterinary and epidemiological significance in Europe as a vector and reservoir of numerous pathogens including bacteria, rickettsia, viruses and protozoa. Because of biological and ecological traits, i.e. ability to survive prolonged periods of starvation, ecological plasticity, adaptability and resistance to fluctuating and adverse environmental conditions D. reticulatus ticks are an important parts of enzootic cycles, thus have been studied intensively since last years. Genetic studies of ticks collected in Poland suggest existence of the overlapping zone between two European populations of this species. The aim of this study was to compare the body mass (as reduced body mass) of D. reticulatus females and males collected in two plots, representing different ecological characteristics, located in close vicinity, placed in Lublin province (eastern Poland). The results indicate that the reduced body mass values of D. reticulatus adults collected in diverse microhabitats did significantly vary. The cause of this phenomenon is ambiguous, so it need to be elucidated in further studies.Amblyomma tigrinum is a tick species widely distributed in South America. In Argentina, it has been recorded to occur in nearly all phytogeographic regions, exhibiting its plasticity to different types of environments. This tick is of medical and veterinary importance because its adult stages have been recorded primarily in mammals, including humans. Specifically in San Juan province, records of A. tigrinum are almost non-existent, with only two mentions, but which have no indication of host or specific place of collection. For this reason, the goal of this study is to report the first case of A. tigrinum in Argentina, as well as two new parasite-host associations of the adult tick in other carnivores in San Juan. We analyzed two individuals, one puma and one fox, which arrived at the Wildlife Rehabilitation, Environmental Education and Responsible Recreation Center (Parque Faunistico). Moreover, we analyzed one canid specimen obtained during a field sampling event. Our results indicated new records for San Juan province of A. tigrinum parasitizing Canis familiaris and Lycalopex gymnocercus, in addition to the first record for Argentina of this tick parasitizing a Puma concolor individual. The present study affords novel information about natural associations for carnivore hosts in San Juan province, and the first record of this tick on a puma for Argentina. Thus, we are contributing to the knowledge of parasite-host relationships on the group of carnivores in Argentina.Leishmania donovani complex are the exclusive causative agents of systemic and fatal visceral leishmaniosis. In Iraq however, the case numbers of this fatal disease continue to be sustained. The present study aimed to characterize the prevalence and the hematological features of Iraqi children hospitalized cases with fatal visceral leishmaniosis. Hospitalized children considered positive for fatal visceral leishmaniosis depending on bone marrow aspiration and indirect florescent antibody test IFAT titer 1/34 and up. Prevalence of fatal visceral leishmaniosis in 115 children at Baghdad city revealed male were higher infected (54%) than female (46%). The 1–3 years age was the most affected (53.3%). The most prevalence (74.9%) in cold season in compare with lowest prevalence (26.0%) at hot season. Hematological features examination of infected children revealed hypochromic and microcytic anemia with leukopenia and neutropenia and lymphocytosis.The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of intestinal parasites and the possible association between irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and parasitic infections. The study included 100 IBS patients and 100 healthy control subjects. All study subjects filled a structured questionnaire, which covered demographic information and clinical data. Fresh stool samples were collected from patients and control subjects and processed during the same day of collection. Iodine wet mounts and trichrome stained smears prepared from fresh stool and sediment concentrates were microscopically examined for intestinal parasites. Patients attended private gastroenterology clinics and those found to have IBS (45 males and 55 females) were then selected in this study. The healthy subjects (50 males, 50 females) were recruited as controls. In the IBS patients, Blastocystis sp. was detected in 57% and Giardia sp. cysts were observed in 43%. In the control subjects, Blastocystis sp. was detected in 12% and Giardia sp. cysts were observed in 20%. These parasites were found either alone or with other parasites. Only the differences in the presence of Blastocystis (P=0.0001) and Giardia (P=0.0006) between IBS patients and controls were statistically significant. Abdominal pain and blotting were the leading symptoms in IBS patients and controls. Prevalence of Blastocystis and Giardia was higher in IBS patients than in controls. These parasites are likely to have a role in the pathogenesis of IBS. The findings of the study support a possible link between parasitic infections and IBS.Pregnant women are more susceptible to malaria which is associated with adverse effects on pregnancy. It is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality in Sudan. The main aim of this study was to determine the prevalence rate of malaria in pregnant women. This cross sectional descriptive study was carried out in Al Jabalian and Kenana hospitals, White Nile State, Sudan. The data of the present study has been collected from 400 Sudanese pregnant women, during a period extending from 16th July 2018 to 25th October 2018. find more The overall the prevalence of malaria was 38.5% (154), Plasmodium falciparum was only malaria parasite observed in all samples. From 154 pregnant women infected with malaria, the third trimester had higher prevalence 53.9% (83), followed by the second trimester 31.8% (49) and the first trimester was 14.3% (22), P less then 0.0001. The multigravida had high infection with prevalence of 54.5% (84), secondgravida was 24.7% (38) and primigravida was 20.8% (32), P less then 0.0001. Significant association was noticed between the malaria parasite infection and occupation, ANC attendance and utility of mosquito net, P-value 0.05, 0.0024, 0.0010, respectively. However, no significant association was observed with education level and malaria infection. The study was recommended to promote diagnosis during pregnancy, take anti-malarial medicine as routine care to pregnant women and improve environmental sanitation.Pregnant women are the most vulnerable populations exposed to intestinal parasitoses. To develop strategies to fight against these infections, it is essential to carry out regular surveys in order to provide reliable epidemiological data on intestinal parasitoses in at-risk populations. A prospective cross-sectional study was carried out from February to April 2015 in pregnant women seen during the prenatal consultation. The study took place in 3 health centers located in Health District of Dafra at Bobo-Dioulasso in Burkina Faso. The parasitological examination consisted in carrying out a standard stool parasitological examination and the modified Ziehl Neelsen staining. A total of 315 stool samples were collected and analyzed. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitosis was 66.7% [95% CI 61.1–71.8] with prevalences of 60.9% in Bolomakot., 69.2% in Guimbi and 69.8% in Y.gu.r.sso. Protozoa were the most encountered with of 66.0% prevalence and 1.3% of helminths. The most common protozoa species were Entamoeba coli (36.2%), Giardia lamblia (16.2%), Entamoeba histolytica (14.9%), Cryptosporidium sp. (12.1%) and Trichomonas intestinalis (10.5%). The helminths were represented by Hymenolepis nana (0.6%), Strongyloides stercoralis (0.3%) and Dicrocoelium sp. (0.3%). The prevalence of intestinal parasitosis is very high in pregnant women and dominated by protozoa. Most recently, it has been shown that metronidazole can be administered at all ages of pregnancy at a dosage of 1 g/day for 5 days for the treatment of intestinal protozoa in pregnant women. It would therefore be essential to evaluate this strategy in Burkina Faso by administering metronidazole concomitantly with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine.Cutaneous leishmaniosis (CL) is considered as one of the most important tropical diseases. Herbal therapy is the ideal treatment for CL because of the reduced injection pain, availability, lower cost and non-toxicity effects. The present study aimed to evaluate the in vivo antileishmanial activity of concocted herbal topical preparation (Aloe vera, Perovskia abrotanoides, Nigella sativa, propolis, lavender and olive oil) to evaluate its efficacy against Leishmania major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) in comparison to the gold standard treatment. Following the cause of cutaneous leishmaniosis, the BALB/c mice were divided into three groups, test group (ointment formulation), positive control (Glucantime) and negative control (untreated), respectively, which were treated twice a day for 28 consecutive days. The lesion size and parasite burden were evaluated for in vivo evaluation. The herbal topical ointment was able to significantly decline the lesion progression and reduce parasite burden in mice inoculated with L. major promastigotes in the test group compared with the negative control group (P= less then 0.001). In mice treated with the formulation, the number of amastigotes significantly decreased (P= less then 0.001), compared with that in the negative control group. Moreover, comparative features of both treatments showed there was no difference between the herbal-treated and glucantime-treat mice (P=0.63). The herbal topical ointment displayed significant in vivo antileishmanial activities. It may be that using ointment formulation beside other skin repair compounds can be used as an alternative medicine in the treatment and healing of human CL lesions. Further investigations are needed to study the pharmacologic and pharmacokinetics aspects of ointment formulation in the treatment and healing of human CL lesions.The genus Dolops (Audouin, 1837) is endemic among ectoparasites present in fish, with nine species described in Brazil, five of which are from the Amazon region. Among the genus, the species Dolops discoidalis (Bouvier, 1899) stands out due to its high prevalence of parasitism in Amazonian fish. The present study aims to characterize the development phases of D. discoidalis. The parasites were obtained from infected fish species Rhytiodus argenteofuscus from a natural environment, kept in polyethylene experimental boxes (500 liters). The physical-chemical parameters of the water (pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen and temperature) were monitored daily. A total of 30 egg layings were analyzed. After identification of the oviposition, the eggs were transferred to another container containing water (0.5 liters). The number of eggs was recorded, with observations made in stereomicroscopic and photographic records until hatching occurred. The egg layings exhibited differences in colour throughout their development. On the seventh day, the embryos exhibited visible ocelli and on the 17th day the hatching period began. Hatching occurred in batches, with around 5–10 hatches/day/laying. However, peak hatching was recorded on the 19th day of the cycle. Therefore, the cycle of D. discoidalis comprised a total period of 17–22 days at 28.C, with hatching in batches and pigmentation of the eggs observed close to hatching. Newly hatched parasites did not survive for more than 24 hours in the absence of the host. This study contributes to knowledge of the biology of D. discoidalis, and adds to information regarding possible studies into its control.
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