Notes

Detection with the sex-determining element in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha reveals unique evolution regarding sex chromosomes in a haploid method.
1 mAh g-1/342.5 mAh cm-3 even at 5.0 A g-1 after 2500 cycles). Kinetics tests and capacitance calculations clearly reveal a battery-capacitive dual-model Na-storage mechanism. Furthermore, ex situ XRD/SEM/TEM demonstrate superior stability during sodium insertion/extraction. This work provides a valuable strategy for the rational structural design of long-life electrodes for advanced rechargeable batteries.Optically left-handed materials refract the propagating light in the opposite direction. Most research has focused on the design of various structures, including split-ring resonators, either on planes or in particle cluster forms to resonate with specific light frequencies. However, for particle-based materials, the circuital structures for optical left-handedness have not been fully understood and the effect of interior structure on the optical handedness have not been investigated. Additionally, scalable methods to deploy the unique characteristics of the materials have not been reported so far and are still urgent. Here, optically left-handed nanopearl beads are synthesized in up to 1.25 L solutions. Nanopearl beads contain assembled Au nanocolloids, a dielectric sphere, and a thin silica layer that fixes the assembled structures to sustainably yield unique inductance-capacitance circuits at specific visible-near-infrared frequencies. The frequencies are tunable by modulating the interior structures. Investigation of the circuit structures and Poynting vectors generated within the nanopearl beads suggest the likelihood of their left-handedness. Moreover, the effects of interior structures on the optical handedness of the nanopearl beads are extensively investigated. The results could help commercialize optically left-handed materials and pioneer fields that have not been realized so far.Organic solar cells (OSCs) as the promising green energy technology have drawn much attention in the last two decades. In comparison to polymer solar cells, small-molecule organic solar cells (SMOSCs) have the advantages of precise chemical structure and molecular weight, purification feasibility, batch reproducibility, etc. Infigratinib Despite of the recent advances in molecular design, the efficiencies of SMOSCs are still lagging behind those of polymer-based OSCs. In this work, a new small-molecule donor (SMD) with a fused-ring-connected bridge denoted F-MD has been designed and synthesized. When F-MD was applied into SMOSCs, the F-MDN3 blends exhibited a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of over 13%, which is much higher than that of the linear π-bridged molecule L-MD based devices (8.12%). Further studies revealed that the fused-ring design promoted the planarity of the molecular conformation and facilitated charge transport in OSCs. More importantly, this strategy also lowered the crystallinity and self-aggregation of the films, and hence optimized the microstructure and phase separation in the corresponding blends. Thereby, the F-MD-based blends have been evidenced to have better exciton dissociation and reduced charge recombination in comparison with the L-MD counterparts, explaining the enhanced PCEs. Our work demonstrates that the fused-ring π-bridge strategy in small-molecule-donor design is an effective pathway to promote the efficiency of SMOSCs as well as enhance the diversity of SMD materials.Printed strain sensors will be important in applications such as wearable devices, which monitor breathing and heart function. Such sensors need to combine high sensitivity and low resistance with other factors such as cyclability, low hysteresis, and minimal frequency/strain-rate dependence. Although nanocomposite sensors can display a high gauge factor (G), they often perform poorly in the other areas. Recently, evidence has been growing that printed, polymer-free networks of nanoparticles, such as graphene nanosheets, display very good all-round sensing performance, although the details of the sensing mechanism are poorly understood. Here, we perform a detailed characterization of the thickness dependence of piezoresistive sensors based on printed networks of graphene nanosheets. We find both conductivity and gauge factor to display percolative behavior at low network thickness but bulk-like behavior for networks above ∼100 nm thick. We use percolation theory to derive an equation for gauge factor as a function of network thickness, which well-describes the observed thickness dependence, including the divergence in gauge factor as the percolation threshold is approached. Our analysis shows that the dominant contributor to the sensor performance is not the effect of strain on internanosheet junctions but the strain-induced modification of the network structure. Finally, we find these networks display excellent cyclability, hysteresis, and frequency/strain-rate dependence as well as gauge factors as high as 350.The use of surfactants to attract dissolved ions to water surfaces and interfaces is an essential step in both solvent-based and solvent-free separation processes. We have studied the interactions of lanthanide ions in the aqueous subphase with monolayers of dihexadecyl phosphate at air-water interfaces. With heavier lanthanides (atomic number Z ≥ 65) in the subphase, the floating layer can be compressed to an area/molecule of about half the molecular cross section, indicating bilayer formation. X-ray fluorescence and reflectivity data support this conclusion. In the presence of lighter lanthanides (Z 3 × 10-7 M. Above ∼10-5 M, bilayers form but only in the presence of the heavier lanthanide. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction shows evidence of lateral ion-ion correlations in the bilayer structure but not in monolayers. Explicit solvent all-atom molecular dynamics simulations confirm the elevated ion-ion correlation in the bilayer system. This bilayer structure isolates heavier lanthanides but not lighter lanthanides from an aqueous solution and is therefore a potential mechanism for the selective separation of heavier lanthanides.Stretchable electronic circuits are critical in a variety of next-generation electronics applications, including soft robots, wearable technologies, and biomedical applications. To date, printable composite conductors comprising various types of conductive fillers have been suggested to achieve high electrical conductance and excellent stretchability. Among them, liquid metal particles have been considered as a viable candidate filler that can meet the necessary prerequisites. However, a mechanical activation process is needed to generate interconnected liquid channels inside elastomeric polymers. In this study, we have developed a chemical strategy of surface-functionalizing liquid metal particles to eliminate the necessity of additional mechanical activation processes. We found that the characteristic conformations of the polyvinylpyrrolidone surrounding eutectic gallium indium particles are highly dependent on the molecular weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone. By virtue of the specific chemical roles of polyvinylpyrrolidone, the as-printed composite layers are highly conductive and stretchable, exhibiting an electrical conductivity approaching 8372 S/cm at 100% strain and an invariant resistance change of 0.92 even at 75% strain after a 60,000 cycle test. The results demonstrate that the self-activated liquid metal-based composite conductors are applicable to traditional stretchable electronics, healable stretchable electronics, and shape-morphable applications.The functional group is the main body in modifying the perovskite film, and different functional groups lead to different modification effects. Here, several conjugated triazine-based small molecules such as melamine (Cy-NH2), cyanuric acid (Cy-OH), cyanuric fluoride (Cy-F), cyanuric chloride (Cy-Cl), and thiocyanuric acid (Cy-SH) are used to modify perovskite films by mixing in antisolvent. The crystallizations of perovskites are optimized by these molecules, and the perovskite films with low trap density are obtained by forming Lewis adducts with these molecules (Pb2+ and electron-donating groups including -NH2, C═N-, and C═O; I- and electron-withdrawing groups including F, Cl, N-H, and O-H). Especially for the Cy-F and Cy-Cl, the heterojunction structure is formed in the perovskite layer by p-type modification, which is conducive to charge transfer and collection in PSCs. Compared with that of control devices, the performance of devices with trap passivation and heterojunction engineering is obviously improved from 18.49 to 20.71% for MAPbI3 and 19.27 to 21.11% for FA0.85Cs0.15PbI3. Notably, the excellent moisture (retaining 67%, RH 50% for 20 days) and thermal (retaining 64%, 85 °C for 72 h) stability of PSCs are obtained by a kind of second modification (Cy-F/Cy-SH)─spin-coating a few Cy-SH on the Cy-F-modified perovskite film surface. It also reduces Pb pollution because Cy-SH is a highly potent chelating agent. Therefore, this work also provides an effective method to obtain high-performance, stable, and low-lead pollution PSCs, combining trap passivation, heterojunction engineering, and surface treatment.A high degree of variability in behavior and performance of hematite as photoanodes for the oxygen evolution reaction signifies a need to improve our understanding of the interplay between defects and photoelectrochemical performance. We approach this problem by applying structure-property analysis to a series of hematite samples synthesized under either O2 or N2 environments such that they exhibit highly variable performance for photoelectrocatalytic oxygen evolution. X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy provide parameters describing the structure of samples across the series. Systematic comparisons of these parameters to those describing photoelectrochemical performance reveal different defects in samples prepared under N2 or O2. Distinct correlations between both the iron oxidation state and charge carrier density with photoelectrocatalytic performance lead to assignment of the primary defects as oxygen vacancies (N2) and iron vacancies (O2). Differences in the structural distortions caused by these defects are seen in correlations between short-range structural parameters and photoelectrochemical behavior. These distortions are readily observed by Raman spectroscopy, suggesting that it may be possible to calibrate the width, energy, and intensity of peaks in Raman spectra to enable direct analysis of defects in hematite photoanodes.
Meningiomas are the most common primary intracranial tumor. Seizures are common sequelae of meningioma development. Meningioma patients with seizures can be effectively treated with resection, with reports of seizure freedom of 60%-90%. Still, many patients manifest persistent epilepsy. Determining factors associated with worsened seizure outcomes remains critical in improving the quality of life for these patients. The authors sought to identify clinical, radiological, and histological factors associated with worse seizure outcomes in patients with supratentorial meningioma and preoperative seizures.

The authors retrospectively reviewed the charts of 384 patients who underwent meningioma resection from 2008 to 2020. The charts of patients with a documented history of preoperative seizures were further reviewed for clinical, radiological, operative, perioperative, histological, and postoperative factors associated with seizures. Engel class at last follow-up was retrospectively assigned by the authors and further grouped into favorable (class I) and worse (class II-IV) outcomes.
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