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Background Lauric acid (LA), a common constituent of coconut oil, is used as food additives and supplements in various formulations. Despite various potential pharmacological properties, no scientific evidence on its dose-related toxicity and safety is available till date. Objective The current study was conducted to evaluate acute oral toxicity of LA on normal rats. Methods The study was conducted in accordance with the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines (OECD 423) with slight modifications. LA was administered orally to female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (n = 6/group) at a single dose of 300 and 2,000 mg/kg body weight, respectively, while normal control received vehicle only. Animals from all the three groups were monitored for any behavioural and toxicological changes and mortality for two weeks. Food and fluid consumption, body weight was monitored on daily basis. At the end (on day 15th) of the experimental period, blood was collected for haematological and biochemical analysis. Further, all the animals were euthanized, and internal organs were harvested for histopathological investigation using four different stainings; haematoxylin and eosin, Masson trichrome, Periodic Acid Schiff and Picro Sirius Red for gross pathology through microscopical observation. Results The study results showed no LA treatment-related mortality and morbidity at two different dosages. Daily food and water consumption, body weight, relative organ weight, haematological, and biochemical analysis were observed to be normal with no severe alterations to the internal tissues. Conclusion The current finding suggests that single oral administration of LA, even up to 2,000 mg/kg body weight, did not exhibit any signs of toxicity in SD rats; thus, it was safe to be used on disease models in animals. ©2020 Khan et al.Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) of the Bocas del Toro archipelago are targeted by the largest boat-based cetacean watching operation in Panama. Tourism is concentrated in Dolphin Bay, home to a population of resident dolphins. Previous studies have shown that tour boats elicit short-term changes in dolphin behavior and communication; however, the relationship of these responses to the local population's biology and ecology is unclear. Studying the effects of tour boats on dolphin activity patterns and behavior can provide information about the biological significance of these responses. Here, we investigated the effects of tour boat activity on bottlenose dolphin activity patterns in Bocas del Toro, Panama over 10 weeks in 2014. Markov chain models were used to assess the effect of tour boats on dolphin behavioral transition probabilities in both control and impact scenarios. Effect of tour boat interactions was quantified by comparing transition probabilities of control and impact chains. Data were also used to construct dolphin activity budgets. Markov chain analysis revealed that in the presence of tour boats, dolphins were less likely to stay socializing and were more likely to begin traveling, and less likely to begin foraging while traveling. Additionally, activity budgets for foraging decreased and traveling increased as an effect of tour boat presence. selleck chemicals llc These behavioral responses are likely to have energetic costs for individuals which may ultimately result in population-level impacts. Boat operator compliance with Panamanian whale watching regulations is urgently needed to minimize potential long-term impacts on this small, genetically distinct population and to ensure the future viability of the local tourism industry. ©2020 Kassamali-Fox et al.Background The identification and characterization of novel β-glucosidase genes has attracted considerable attention because of their valuable use in a variety of industrial applications, ranging from biofuel production to improved digestibility of animal feed. We previously isolated a fiber-degrading strain of Bacillus tequelensis from buffalo dung samples, and the goal of the current work was to identify β-glucosidase genes in this strain. We describe the cloning and expression of a new β-glucosidase gene (Bteqβgluc) from Bacillus tequelensis strain BD69 in bacterial and yeast hosts. The recombinant Bteqβgluc were used to characterize specificity and activity parameters, and candidate active residues involved in hydrolysis of different substrates were identified through molecular docking. Methods The full length Bteqβgluc gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris cultures. Recombinant Bteqβgluc proteins were purified by immobilized metal affinity or anion exchange chromatography and maximum reaction velocity (V max) for pNPG hydrolysis support unique kinetics and functional characteristics that may be of interest for industrial applications. Molecular docking analysis identified Glu, Asn, Phe, Tyr, Thr and Gln residues as important in protein-ligand catalytic interactions. ©2020 Raza et al.Abstract The morbidity and mortality of prostate carcinoma has increased in recent years and has become the second most common ale malignant carcinoma worldwide. The interaction mechanisms between different genes and signaling pathways, however, are still unclear. Methods Variation analysis of GSE38241, GSE69223, GSE46602 and GSE104749 were realized by GEO2R in Gene Expression Omnibus database. Function enrichment was analyzed by DAVID.6.8. Furthermore, the PPI network and the significant module were analyzed by Cytoscape, STRING and MCODE.GO. Pathway analysis showed that the 20 candidate genes were closely related to mitosis, cell division, cell cycle phases and the p53 signaling pathway. A total of six independent prognostic factors were identified in GSE21032 and TCGA PRAD. Oncomine database and The Human Protein Atlas were applied to explicit that six core genes were over expression in prostate cancer compared to normal prostate tissue in the process of transcriptional and translational. Finally, gene set enrichment were performed to identified the related pathway of core genes involved in prostate cancer. Result Hierarchical clustering analysis revealed that these 20 core genes were mostly related to carcinogenesis and development. CKS2, TK1, MKI67, TOP2A, CCNB1 and RRM2 directly related to the recurrence and prognosis of prostate cancer. This result was verified by TCGA database and GSE21032. Conclusion These core genes play a crucial role in tumor carcinogenesis, development, recurrence, metastasis and progression. Identifying these genes could help us to understand the molecular mechanisms and provide potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer. © 2020 Wang et al.The NAC family is one of the largest transcription factor families unique to plants, which regulates the growth and development, biotic and abiotic stress responses, and maturation and senescence in plants. In this study, PheNAC3, a NAC gene, was isolated and characterized from moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis). PheNAC3 belong to the NAC1 subgroup and has a conserved NAC domain on the N-terminus, which with 88.74% similarity to ONAC011 protein. PheNAC3 localized in the nucleus and exhibited transactivation activity. PheNAC3 was upregulated during the process of senescence of leaves and detected shoots. PheNAC3 was also induced by ABA, MeJA, NaCl and darkness, but it had no remarkable response to PEG and SA treatments. Overexpression of PheNAC3 could cause precocious senescence in Arabidopsis. Transgenic Arabidopsis displayed faster seed germination, better seedling growth, and a higher survival rate than the wild-type under salt or drought stress conditions. Moreover, AtSAG12 associated with senescence and AtRD29A and AtRD29b related to ABA were upregulated by PheNAC3 overexpression, but AtCAB was inhibited. These findings show that PheNAC3 may participate in leaf senescence and play critical roles in the salt and drought stress response. © 2020 Xie et al.The winter oilseed ecotype is more tolerant to low temperature than the spring ecotype. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses of leaf samples of five spring Brassica napus L. (B. napus) ecotype lines and five winter B. napus ecotype lines treated at 4 °C and 28 °C were performed. A total of 25,460 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of the spring oilseed ecotype and 28,512 DEGs of the winter oilseed ecotype were identified after cold stress; there were 41 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) in the spring and 47 in the winter oilseed ecotypes. Moreover, more than 46.2% DEGs were commonly detected in both ecotypes, and the extent of the changes were much more pronounced in the winter than spring ecotype. By contrast, only six DEMs were detected in both the spring and winter oilseed ecotypes. Eighty-one DEMs mainly belonged to primary metabolites, including amino acids, organic acids and sugars. The large number of specific genes and metabolites emphasizes the complex regulatory mechanisms involved in the cold stress response in oilseed rape. Furthermore, these data suggest that lipid, ABA, secondary metabolism, signal transduction and transcription factors may play distinct roles in the spring and winter ecotypes in response to cold stress. Differences in gene expression and metabolite levels after cold stress treatment may have contributed to the cold tolerance of the different oilseed ecotypes. © 2020 Jian et al.Cryptoclidids are a major clade of plesiosauromorph plesiosaurians best known from the Middle-Late Jurassic, but little is known regarding their turnover into the Early Cretaceous. Of the known cryptoclidid genera, most preserve only a limited amount of cranial material and of these Cryptoclidus eurymerus, displays the most complete, but compressed cranium. Thus, the lack of knowledge of the cranial anatomy of this group may hinder the understanding of phylogenetic interrelationships, which are currently predominantly based on postcranial data. Here we present a nearly complete adult cryptoclidid specimen (PMO 224.248) representing a new genus and species Ophthalmothule cryostea gen et sp. nov., from the latest Jurassic to earliest Cretaceous part of the Slottsmøya Member, of central Spitsbergen. The holotype material preserves a complete cranium, partial mandible, complete and articulated cervical, pectoral and anterior to middle dorsal series, along with the pectoral girdle and anterior humeri. High resolution microcomputed tomography reveals new data on the cranial anatomy of this cryptoclidid, including new internal features of the braincase and palate that are observed in other cryptoclidids. A phylogenetic analysis incorporating new characters reveals a novel tree topology for Cryptoclididae and particularly within the subfamily Colymbosaurinae. These results show that at least two cryptoclidid lineages were present in the Boreal Region during the latest Jurassic at middle to high latitudes. © 2020 Roberts et al.Background Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 is a model cyanobacterium that has been studied widely and is considered for metabolic engineering applications. Here, Raman spectroscopy and Raman chemometrics (Rametrix™) were used to (i) study broad phenotypic changes in response to growth conditions, (ii) identify phenotypic changes associated with its circadian rhythm, and (iii) correlate individual Raman bands with biomolecules and verify these with more accepted analytical methods. Methods Synechocystis cultures were grown under various conditions, exploring dependencies on light and/or external carbon and nitrogen sources. The Rametrix™ LITE Toolbox for MATLAB® was used to process Raman spectra and perform principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC). The Rametrix™ PRO Toolbox was used to validate these models through leave-one-out routines that classified a Raman spectrum when growth conditions were withheld from the model. Performance was measured by classification accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity.
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