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Dietary calcium supplements intake and change inside bone tissue nutrient density in older adults: a systematic review of longitudinal cohort research.
The identification of oncoprotein genes (E5, E6, and E7) by high throughput sequencing (HTS) and their expected domains are suggestive of the malignant transformation by CPV16.This study examined whether daily stressors and continuously monitored glucose levels and glucose variability predict daily diabetes symptoms. Fifty Latinos with type 2 diabetes were randomized to either diabetes education (DE-only; N = 23) or DE plus stress management and relaxation training (DE + SMR; N = 32). After treatment, for 7 days they wore 'blinded' continuous glucose monitors and reported common stressors and diabetes symptoms twice daily. Between individuals, participants with more numerous overall stressors and more time in hyperglycemia reported higher symptoms. Within individuals, symptoms were higher during intervals of greater than usual stressors. Yet, diabetes symptoms did not covary with changes in glucose levels or glucose variability. The within-person stressor-symptom association was stronger among older individuals and non-significant for participants in DE + SMR condition. Diabetes symptoms were associated with recent stressor exposure, but not recent glucose level or changes in glucose. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier (No. NCT01578096).Rationale Pavlovian conditioned approach paradigms are used to characterize the nature of motivational behaviors in response to stimuli as either directed toward the cue (i.e., sign-tracking) or the site of reward delivery (i.e., goal-tracking). Recent evidence has shown that activity of the endocannabinoid system increases dopaminergic activity in the mesocorticolimbic system, and other studies have shown that sign-tracking behaviors are dependent on dopamine. Objectives Therefore, we hypothesized that administration of a cannabinoid agonist would increase sign-tracking and decrease goal-tracking behaviors. Methods Forty-seven adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were given a low, medium, or high dose of the cannabinoid agonist CP-55,940 (N = 12 per group) or saline (N = 11) before Pavlovian conditioned approach training. A separate group of rats (N = 32) were sacrificed after PCA training for measurement of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) using in situ hybridization. Results Contrary to our initial hypothesis, CP-55,940 dose-dependently decreased sign-tracking and increased goal-tracking behavior. CB1 expression was higher in sign-trackers compared with that in goal-trackers in the prelimbic cortex, but there were no significant differences in CB1 or FAAH expression in the infralimbic cortex, dorsal or ventral CA1, dorsal or ventral CA3, dorsal or ventral dentate gyrus, or amygdala. Conclusions These results demonstrate that cannabinoid signaling can specifically influence behavioral biases toward sign- or goal-tracking. Pre-existing differences in CB1 expression patterns, particularly in the prelimbic cortex, could contribute to individual differences in the tendency to attribute incentive salience to reward cues.Rationale The long-held speculation that the brain serotonin system mediates some behavioral effects of the psychostimulant cocaine is supported in part by the high affinity of cocaine for the serotonin transporter (SERT) and by reports that the serotonin transporter (SERT), estimated by SERT binding, is increased in brain of human chronic cocaine users. Excessive SERT activity and consequent synaptic serotonin deficiency might cause a behavioral (e.g., mood) abnormality in chronic users of the drug. Objective and methods Previous studies focused on changes in SERT binding, which might not necessarily reflect changes in SERT protein. Therefore, we compared levels of SERT protein, using a quantitative Western blot procedure, in autopsied brain (striatum, cerebral cortices) of chronic human cocaine users (n = 9), who all tested positive for the drug/metabolite in brain, to those in control subjects (n = 15) and, as a separate drug of abuse group, in chronic heroin users (n = 11). Results We found no significant difference in protein levels of SERT or the serotonin synthesizing enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase-2 among the control and drug abuse groups. In the cocaine users, no significant correlations were observed between SERT and brain levels of cocaine plus metabolites, or with levels of serotonin or its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. Conclusion Our postmortem data suggest that a robust increase in striatal/cerebral cortical SERT protein is not a common characteristic of chronic, human cocaine users.Rationale We probed serotonin neurons, those denoted by their developmental gene expression as r2Hoxa2-Pet1 (experiment 1) and Drd1a-Pet1 (experiment 2), for differential modulation of cocaine reward and memory as revealed by the expression and development of conditioned place preference (CPP) in transgenic mice. Objectives To query roles in CPP, we inhibited neurons cell autonomously in vivo by activating the transgenically expressed, synthetic DREADD receptor hM4Di (Di) with the exogenous ligand clozapine-N-oxide (CNO). Methods To examine CPP expression, mice were conditioned using behaviorally active doses of cocaine (10.0 or 17.8 mg/kg) vs. saline followed by CPP assessment, first without neuron inhibition (post-conditioning session 1), and then with CNO-mediated neuron inhibition (post-conditioning session 2), followed by 4 more post-conditioning sessions. To examine CPP development, we administered CNO during conditioning sessions and then assayed CPP across 6 post-conditioning sessions. Results In r2Hoxa2-Pet1-Di mice, post-conditioning CNO administration did not impact cocaine CPP expression, but after CNO administration during conditioning, cocaine CPP (17.8 mg/kg) persisted across post-conditioning sessions compared with that in controls, suggesting a deficit in extinguishing cocaine memory. Gemcitabine mw Drd1a-Pet1-Di mice, prior to CNO-Di-triggered neuronal inhibition, unexpectedly expressed heightened cocaine CPP (10.0 and 17.8 mg/kg) compared with controls, and this basal phenotype was transiently blocked by acute post-conditioning CNO administration and persistently blocked by repeated CNO administration during conditioning. Conclusion Cocaine reward and memory likely map to distinct serotonergic Pet1 neuron subtypes. r2Hoxa2-Pet1 neurons normally may limit the durability of cocaine memory, without impacting initial cocaine reward magnitude. Drd1a-Pet1 neurons normally may help to promote cocaine reward.Rationale Approximately 20-40% of patients with cancer will experience brain metastasis (BM), which has a great impact on the quality of life and survival rates of patients. Whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) is an effective method for the treatment of BM. However, it cannot be ignored that WBRT might induce a series of neuropsychiatric side effects, including cognitive dysfunction (CD). Accumulating evidence shows that the gut microbiota and the gut-microbiota-brain axis may play a vital role in the pathogenesis of CD. Objective and methods We adopted WBRT to mimic CD after a hierarchical cluster analysis of the Morris water maze test (MWMT) results. In addition, we observed the effects of antibiotics and prebiotics on WBRT-induced CD. Variations were revealed via the 16S rRNA sequencing analysis at different levels. Results The 16S rRNA sequencing analysis revealed an altered composition of gut microbiota between CD and non-CD phenotypes. Furthermore, we observed a decrease in the levels of Phylum-Bacteroidete, Class-Bacteroidia, and Order-Bacteroidales in the CD group and an increase in the Genus-Allobaculum level after WBRT. Pretreatment with antibiotics caused a significant decrease in the level of Phylum-TM7 01, whereas an increase in the levels of Class-Gammaproteobacteria, Order-Enterobacteriales, and Species-Escherichia coli. After pretreatment with probiotics, the levels of Phylum-Cyanobacteria, Class-4C0d-2, and Order-YS2 were decreased, while the levels of Family-Bacteroidaceae, Genus-Bacteroides, and Species-Parabacteroides distasonis were increased. Conclusions WBRT-induced CD might be highly related to abnormal composition of gut microbiota. Strategies improving the composition of the gut microbiota may provide beneficial effects on CD in individuals exposed to WBRT.Purpose of review Statins represent the cornerstone for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, although muscle-related side effects and dysregulation of glucose metabolism have strongly limited their adherence and compliance especially in primary prevention therapy. The purpose of the present review is to provide the most recent evidence of the efficacy and safety of statins in monotherapy or combination with new lipid-lowering drugs. Recent findings Recent "life-long" analysis conducted on young familial hypercholesterolemia patients, elderly hypocholesterolemic subjects, and from a 20-year follow-up of randomized controlled trial (RCT) have been published confirming that the cardiovascular benefits of statin therapy, in patients for whom it is recommended by current guidelines, greatly outweigh the risks of side effects. In addition, recent therapies to be used in combination with statins have shown to increase the percentage of patients at goal for low-density lipoprotein - cholesterol (LDL-C) with a good safety profile. The cardiovascular (CV) benefits of monoclonal antibodies anti-proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and ezetimibe, in patients under statin therapy, have been proven by specific RCT, while we are still waiting for the results of bempedoic acid and the small-interfering RNA (si-RNA) anti-PCSK9 inclisiran. Taken together, the approval of new pharmacological agents to be used in combination with statins represents the future for a tailored therapy of cardiovascular disease patients.Introduction to the Special Focus Session on Fetal ventriculomegaly and Congenital Hydrocephalus.Background Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are rare yet highly aggressive soft tissue sarcomas. Children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) have a 10% lifetime risk for development of MPNST. Prognosis remains poor and survival seems worse for NF1 patients. Methods This narrative review highlights current practices and pitfalls in the management of MPNST in pediatric NF1 patients. Results Preoperative diagnostics can be challenging, but PET scans have shown to be useful tools. More recently, functional MRI holds promise as well. Surgery remains the mainstay treatment for these patients, but careful planning is needed to minimize postoperative morbidity. Functional reconstructions can play a role in improving functional status. Radiotherapy can be administered to enhance local control in selected cases, but care should be taken to minimize radiation effects as well as reduce the risk of secondary malignancies. The exact role of chemotherapy has yet to be determined. Reports on the efficacy of chemotherapy vary as some report lower effects in NF1 populations. Promisingly, survival seems to ameliorate in the last few decades and response rates of chemotherapy may increase in NF1 populations when administering it as part of standard of care. However, in metastasized disease, response rates remain poor. New systemic therapies are therefore desperately warranted and multiple trials are currently investigating the role of drugs. Targeted drugs are nevertheless not yet included in first line treatment. Conclusion Both research and clinical efforts benefit from multidisciplinary approaches with international collaborations in this rare malignancy.
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