Notes

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High concentrations of HCl led to the transition of isotropic spherical NPs into anisotropic wormlike nanowire networks, created through an oriented attachment process. Aging of these nanowire networks resulted in the formation of 3D porous nanodendrites via a corrosion process. The diverse structures of NiPd NPs were anchored onto acid treated-activated carbon (AC) and exhibited improved catalytic efficiency towards the hydrogenation of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP).Understanding microbial adhesion and retention is crucial for controlling many processes, including biofilm formation, antimicrobial therapy as well as cell sorting and cell detection platforms. Cell detachment is inextricably linked to cell adhesion and retention and plays an important part in the mechanisms involved in these processes. Physico-chemical and biological forces play a crucial role in microbial adhesion interactions and altering the medium ionic strength offers a potential means for modulating these interactions. Real-time studies on the effect of ionic strength on microbial adhesion are often limited to short-term bacterial adhesion. Therefore, there is a need, not only for long-term bacterial adhesion studies, but also for similar studies focusing on eukaryotic microbes, such as yeast. Hereby, we monitored, in real-time, S. cerevisiae adhesion on gold and silica as examples of surfaces with different surface charge properties to disclose long-term adhesion, retention and detachment as a function of ionic strength using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. Our results show that short- and long-term cell adhesion levels in terms of mass-loading increase with increasing ionic strength, while cells dispersed in a medium of higher ionic strength experience longer retention and detachment times. The positive correlation between the cell zeta potential and ionic strength suggests that zeta potential plays a role on cell retention and detachment. These trends are similar for measurements on silica and gold, with shorter retention and detachment times for silica due to strong short-range repulsions originating from a high electron-donicity. Furthermore, the results are comparable with measurements in standard yeast culture medium, implying that the overall effect of ionic strength applies for cells in nutrient-rich and nutrient-deficient media.
Light driven diffusioosmosis allows for the controlled self-assembly of colloidal particles. Illuminating of colloidal suspensions built of nanoporous silica microspheres dispersed in aqueous solution containing photosensitive azobenzene cationic surfactant enables manufacturing self-assembled well-ordered 2D colloidal patterns. We conjectured that ordering in this patterns may be quantified with the Voronoi entropy.

Depending on the isomerization state the surfactant either tends to absorb (trans-state) into negatively charged pores or diffuse out (cis-isomer) of the particles generating an excess concentration near the colloids outer surface and thus resulting in the initiation of diffusioosmotic flow. The direction of the flow can be controlled by the wavelength and intensity of irradiation. Under irradiations with blue light the colloids separate within a few seconds forming equidistant particle ensemble where long range diffusioosmotic repulsion acts over distances exceeding several times the particlof ordering evolution on different lateral scales and under different irradiation conditions. Fourier analysis of the time evolution of the Voronoi entropy is presented. Fourier spectrum of the "small-area" (100 × 100 μm) reveals the pronounced peak at f = 1.125 Hz reflecting the oscillations of individual particles at this frequency. Ordering in hierarchical colloidal system emerging on different lateral scales is addressed. The minimal Voronoi entropy is intrinsic for the close packed 2D clusters.When two semiconductors are electronically coupled, their photocatalytic performance can be greatly enhanced. Herein, we formed a heterostructure between Cu2O and SnS2/SnO2 nanocomposite using a solvothermal reactor, which reduced CO2 by H2O at ambient conditions to produce CO, H2, and CH4. With inclusion of Cu2O, apparent quantum yield, a measure of photoactivity, has increased from 7.16% to 8.62%. Also, the selectivity of CH4 over CO was approximately 1.8-times higher than that of SnS2/SnO2. Interestingly, the as-synthesized catalysts were able to fix N2 to NH3 under light illumination at ambient conditions. Dissecting the mechanism into basic steps, it is shown that oxygen vacancies within the catalysts act as trapping sites for photo-induced charge carriers which strongly influenced the reactivity and selectivity of product. Additionally, oxygen vacancies act as active sites to chemisorb nitrogen molecules, which follow associative steps to generate NH3. In absence of sacrificial agent, the NH4+ generation rate was66.35μmol.g-1h-1 for Cu2O/SnS2/SnO2, which is 1.9-fold higher than SnS2/SnO2. Formation of a p-n heterojunction between Cu2O and SnS2/SnO2 nanocomposite offered favorable photoreductive potentials and high stability, mainly owing to their intimate interfacial contact. The results clearly illustrate a promising strategy to use oxygen vacancies rich heterostructure for wide application in photocatalysis.Surface electron-hole recombination and low conductivity have significantly hindered the photoelectrochemical water oxidation performance of hematite. CRM1 inhibitor Here we report a surface N and Sn co-incorporation in hematite for efficient water oxidation, which shows a greatly enhanced photocurrent density of 2.30 mA/cm2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE when compared to the pristine hematite (0.89 mA/cm2). Moreover, after the subsequent loading of Co-Pi cocatalyst, a further improved photocurrent density of 2.80 mA/cm2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE can also be achieved. The excellent performance can be attributed to the synergistic effect of N and Sn in hematite, in which the surface Sn-doping could increase the donor density of hematite while the N-incorporation could adjust the amount of Sn in hematite to suppress the surface charge recombination and further increase the donor density. To the best of our knowledge, it should be the first report to reveal the synergistic effect of non-metal element N and metallic element Sn in hematite for high performance, which could be a feasible way towards the development of efficient hematite photoanodes.
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