Notes

Id associated with TIA1 mRNA goals in the course of individual neuronal growth.
Compassion fatigue and empathetic suffering are terms generally applied to health care providers caring for elderly people. An exhaustion accompanied by acute emotional pain results of tension and preoccupation with the suffering of those being helped. Learning to recognize it and to manage its symptoms is the first step toward healing. Compassion is an important care index and a professionalism marker. The association Old'up, which is celebrating its 11th anniversary, was created by the Ecole des grands-parents européens. It is an avant-garde witness to the effects of lengthening life. Founded by old people, for old people, with old people, even very old people, the association want to be the voice of this population which has been growing so fast for fifteen years. Health simulation has become widely used in training institutes and health care institutions in recent years. In geriatric/gerontology training, a device for simulating age-related limitations is used allowing the participant to experience the functional and sensory limitations experienced by older people. The increasing number of residents suffering from neurocognitive diseases, in nursing homes, makes care complex. Behavioral disorders, associated with these pathologies, generate many feelings among professional caregivers which can influence care practices. Studies on social representations of older persons are numerous and come mainly from American literature. However, few studies have examined young people's viewpoint. This article focuses on the representations of older patients among students in Bac Professionnel. selleck compound Old age is a complex, multidimensional concept, difficult to define. Aging is related to different fields of life (family life, social life, cultural life…) and is at the centre of debates. It is a real challenge to take an accurate viewpoint of this phenomenon. Glycocalyces are the pericellular coat of glycoproteins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans. Yet the exploration of glycocalyx function is still ongoing because of the availability of investigative tools capable of discerning the function of one component without inflicting collateral changes in the organization/function of other constituents. The current report by Ramnath et al. explores the function of one family of molecules, the syndecans, as potential regulators of endothelial cell glycocalyx thickness in normal and diabetic glomeruli. Diabetes affects oxygen availability in the kidney, forcing the renal environment to rapidly and sustainably adapt. Physiological adaptations including activation of hypoxia inducible factor-1α and metabolic reprogramming toward pathways requiring less oxygen to maintain adenosine triphosphate production such as anaerobic glycolysis are impaired in the diabetic kidney. However, this study by Hasegawa et al. demonstrates renoprotection in diabetic kidney disease via the use of the hypoxia inducible factor-1α stabilizer enarodustat, opening a new therapeutic avenue to tackle these metabolic abnormalities. Nearly a century ago it was discovered that metabolic acidosis promotes hypercalciuria. Studies have described intrarenal and extrarenal mechanisms underlying calcium wasting in acidosis, in part by altering bone metabolism but also by directly inhibiting renal calcium transport. In this issue of Kidney International, Imenez Silva et al. report that ablation of the pH-sensing receptor ovarian cancer G protein-coupled receptor 1 in a murine model led to Na+/H+-exchanger isoform 3 redistribution in the kidney and dampens the hypercalciuric response to metabolic acidosis. Primary membranous nephropathy is an autoimmune disease usually associated with antibody to phospholipase A2 receptor (anti-PLA2R). The study by Meyer-Schwesinger et al. describes the first mouse model induced using a PLA2R system to study the pathogenicity of anti-PLA2R. Hyperimmune rabbit anti-PLA2R IgG can induce a primary membranous nephropathy-like glomerulopathy with proteinuria in mice. However, to conclusively establish the pathogenicity of human anti-PLA2R will require additional studies using PLA2R and anti-PLA2R of human origin. Fluid resuscitation for oliguria rescue in septic acute kidney injury (AKI) has limited success. By examination of the proximal tubular integrity, Nakano et al. identified paracellular renal filtrate leakage in proximal tubules after lipopolysaccharide induced tight junction disruption to contribute to oliguria. Suppression of lipopolysaccharide injury to proximal tubules by Toll-like receptor 4 knockout significantly ameliorated the oliguria and renal function loss in septic AKI. This commentary discusses the new therapeutic strategy for septic AKI rescue by proximal tubular integrity protection and the potential impact of tight junction injury in all AKI conditions. Cytokines are key mediators of skin homeostasis and disease through their effects on keratinocytes, skin barrier integrity, immune activation, and microbial ecology. Sirobhushanam et al. (2020) suggest that the IFN signature in lupus erythematosus (LE) alters expression of epithelial barrier and adhesin genes, which, in turn, promotes Staphylococcus aureus colonization. This work highlights the need to better understand both barrier function and S. aureus colonization in LE, two new potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of LE. It is challenging to investigate neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and bacterial colonization in vivo. Bitschar et al. (2020) oppose an existing paradigm regarding neutrophils in host defense and propose that neutrophils increase Staphylococcus aureus skin colonization through NETs, not by trapping microbes but via indirect mechanisms. These results are open to interpretation and should stimulate productive discussions. Topical drugs are often used as first-line treatment for dermatological conditions. Depending on the disease and the drug, three main designs can be used for randomized controlled trials assessing topical drugs the classical individual parallel design, the cluster randomized design, and designs allowing within-individual comparisons, including the cross-over design (in which patients are randomized to a sequence of interventions) and the within-person design (also called the split-body design). Within-person design can be used to compare different drugs concomitantly in the same patient. Randomization does not concern patients but rather lesions or body sites within patients, and the drugs to be compared are applied to the different lesions (or sites). This design considerably reduces interobservation variability, and thus, the number of patients to be included in the trial (sample size). However, this design has major methodological constraints, especially the need to resolve the problem of a possible carry-across effect.
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