Notes

Autophagosome biogenesis and also human well being.
Lack of bond stability between the composite resin and dentin remains one of the main reasons for having to replace esthetic restorations.

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of chlorhexidine (CHX) on the bond strength of a total etching system to dentin tissue after degradation of the adhesive interface.

One hundred and eighty fragments of human molars were divided into three groups (
= 15) according to the materials used during the acid-etching step Group 1 (control), 37% phosphoric acid; Group 2, a combined solution of 37% phosphoric acid and 2% CHX; and Group 3, 37% phosphoric acid followed by 2% CHX. Following the restorative procedures, the groups were divided into four subgroups according to the number of thermal cycles (TC) and to the time of storage in water (SW), and then subjected to a shear strength test, until fracture (A) 0 TC/24-h SW; (B) 500 TC/1-week SW; (C) 2,000 TC/1-month SW; and (D) 12,000 TC/6-month SW. Two-way analysis of variance and Duncan's complementary test were used to perform multiple comparisons.

After the 24-h and 1-week SW time periods, no statistically significant difference was found among the shear strength values of the control and the experimental groups 5.48 ± 0.59 MPa, 5.44 ± 0.56 MPa, and 5.65 ± 0.94 MPa for G1, G2, and G3, respectively. However, the shear strength values decreased significantly in all the study groups after 1 month, namely 3.60 ± 0.41 MPa, 3.08 ± 0.65 MPa, and 3.49 ± 0.23 MPa for G1, G2, and G3, respectively. After 6 months, similar results were found for G1 and G3, namely 2.77 ± 0.58 MPa and 1.74 ± 0.52 MPa, respectively, whereas the 0.77 ± 0.26 MPa value found for G2 was significantly lower than those found for the G1 and G3 groups. No differences were found between the groups with respect to fracture-type frequencies.

The use of CHX as an agent to rehydrate the dentin had a negative influence on bond strength.
The use of CHX as an agent to rehydrate the dentin had a negative influence on bond strength.
The root canal anatomy is a complex space, and using a single-cone obturation technique does not guarantee a complete filling.

This research aimed to evaluate the actual temperature of the biosealer during the obturation phase inside the root canal using a new hot technique. In addition, this study evaluated the penetration depth of the biosealer inside dentinal tubules.

The current study was concluded on two
experiments; the former tested the temperature evaluation. The latter examined the penetration depth of the biosealer.

In this study, 42 sec mandibular premolars were used, and two experiments were carried out. In the first experiment, two premolars were utilized, and two thermocouples of K-type for each tooth were used. During the second experiment, the penetration depth of the biosealer was examined, 40 teeth were selected. Root canals were prepared then divided into two obturation groups A, gutta-percha, and biosealer with single-cone technique and B, gutta-percha, and biosealer with a newlt 37° using this novel hot modified technique providing no risk of chemical alteration of the biosealer.
Short-term complications after root canal therapy (RCT) include mild pain or flare-up. Patients regard these complications as a benchmark for the assessment of clinician's abilities. In this context, the evidence for recommending either one- or two-visit RCT is not consistent.

This study aims to compare the prevalence of postoperative pain and tenderness to percussion after single-visit (SV) versus two-visit RCT on the mandibular first molar.

The study was registered with www.ctri.nic.in (CTRI/2019/05/019067). Seventy individuals requiring RCT on a mandibular first molar were selected and randomly ascribed to either single- (Group 1,
= 35) or two-visit RCT (Group 2,
= 35). Postoperative pain levels were assessed using heft parker visual analog scale. The treated teeth were appraised for tenderness to percussion after 1 week of obturation.

Thirty-four patients were evaluated in each group One patient, each, dropped out from both the groups. The data analysis was done using Student's
-test and Chi-square test.

Pain score in multiple-visit (MV) was significantly higher than SV after 12- (
= 0.039) and 48 h (
= 0.043). Short-term postoperative pain was higher in MV than SV RCT of mandibular first molar teeth.
Pain score in multiple-visit (MV) was significantly higher than SV after 12- (P = 0.039) and 48 h (P = 0.043). Short-term postoperative pain was higher in MV than SV RCT of mandibular first molar teeth.
The objective of the study is to evaluate the effect of eugenol-based temporary on microtensile bond strength of self-adhering composite at 1 day and 7-day time intervals.

Occlusal enamel of 24 human molars was removed. Zinc oxide eugenol (ZnOE) and noneugenol temporary cement (ZnONE) were placed on the dentin surfaces and left for different times (1 day, 7 days). After removal of temporary cement, teeth were randomly divided into eight subgroups subgroup GE1S (
= 3) ZnOE cement + Self-adhering composite (SAC), subgroup GE1N (
= 3) ZnOE cement + adhesive system (one coat 7 universal) + nanohybrid composite, subgroup GE7S (
= 3) ZnOE cement + SAC, subgroup GE7N (
= 3) ZnOE cement + adhesive system + nanohybrid composite, subgroup GNE1S (
= 3) ZnONE cement + SAC, subgroup GNE1N (
= 3) ZnONE cement + adhesive system + nanohybrid composite, subgroup GNE7S (
= 3) ZnONE cement + SAC, subgroup GNE7N (
= 3) ZnONE cement + adhesive system + nanohybrid composite. Four sticks per tooth were obtained, resulting in 12 sticks per group with a cross-sectional area of 0.5 mm
. The μTBS test was performed with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min.

Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-test were used for analysis.

Highest and lowest mean value of microtensile bond strength was observed in GNE7N (12.75MPa) and GE1S (1.42MPa), respectively.

The presence of eugenol at early stage, i.e. 1 day, has a negative influence on microtensile bond strength of SAC. At 7 days, the negative effect of eugenol on microtensile bond strength gets nullified. Thus, a waiting period of 1 week is sufficient to overcome negative influence of eugenol-based temporaries on polymerization of SAC.
The presence of eugenol at early stage, i.e. 1 day, has a negative influence on microtensile bond strength of SAC. At 7 days, the negative effect of eugenol on microtensile bond strength gets nullified. Thus, a waiting period of 1 week is sufficient to overcome negative influence of eugenol-based temporaries on polymerization of SAC.
The goal of root canal therapy depends on chemomechanical debridement and three-dimensional filling of the root canal system.[1].

The aim of this study is to assess the effect of NaOCl + Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and Twin Kleen as a final irrigating solution on the depth of penetration of AH Plus and Perma Evolution sealers into the dentinal tubules.

Forty mandibular premolars were decoronated and instrumented up to size 30. Moreover, randomly assigned into two groups based on final rinse Group A (
= 20) 5.25% NaOCl + 17% EDTA. Group B (
= 20) Twin Kleen solution. Resin sealers were labeled with few grains of fluorescent rhodamine B dye and subdivided into two subgroups, Subgroup A1and B1 (

= 10) AH Plus; Subgroup A2 and B2 (

= 10) Perma Evolution and obturated. PF-8380 in vivo Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to examine the sections taken 2, 5, and 8 mm from the apex. Images were exported to Image J software to determine the sealer penetration depth.

Independent
-test and one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's HSD
test.

Maximum depth of sealer penetration was seen in Twin Kleen in all sections. Perma Evolution showed highest sealer penetration at the middle and apical third region of root canal for both groups.

Final irrigation with Twin Kleen produced highest sealer penetration than with EDTA.
Final irrigation with Twin Kleen produced highest sealer penetration than with EDTA.The objective of the study was to review the literature on root anatomy and canal configuration in permanent mandibular second molar based on Vertucci classification. Online electronic databases such as PubMed-Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Library were searched using appropriate keywords from the earliest available date till 10th February 2021 restriction on language. Additional sources such as Google Scholar, major journals, unpublished studies, conference proceedings, and cross-references were explored. Information curated for data extraction included methodology, population, sample size (number of teeth), number of root canals, and type of root canal configuration (RCC). Thirty-seven articles were selected with a total of 12,393 permanent mandibular second molar teeth. In the mesial root, Type IV canal configuration with 37.3% was more frequent, having two canals with 70.4%. In the distal roots, one canal was more prevalent with 77% occurrence, and Type I canal configuration was more frequent with 85.2%. Comprehensive knowledge of tooth anatomy and root canal morphology is crucial to root canal treatment. Therefore, an understanding of the canal configuration and anatomy is necessary for the dentist to enhance successful endodontic treatment. Our systematic review findings reveal a wide variety of possible canal configurations among permanent mandibular second molar, while the number of canals ranged from 1 to 5 in number. The evidence is intended to help dental practitioners to avoid mishaps such as perforation and missing canals and anticipation of potential complications during treatment.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are formed when mixing calcium hydroxide (CH) with chlorhexidine (CHX).

To analyze the antibacterial efficacy of aqueous (AGL) and ethanolic (EGL) extracts of
leaves against root canal bacteria such as
,
,
and
, to evaluate the antioxidant potential of the extracts and its ability to counteract the ROS.

Three different concentrations (10%, 25%, and 35%) of AGL and EGL were prepared. The antibacterial efficacy was analyzed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The different concentrations of both AGL and EGL were evaluated for their antioxidant property using ultraviolet spectrometer. Further, the ability of these extracts on neutralizing the ROS formation was analyzed using mass spectrometer.

CH and CHX mixture exhibited maximum antibacterial activity followed by the same mixture with 35% EGL. EGL showed greater antioxidant activity than AGL extract at all concentrations.

The addition of natural antioxidants like guava leaves extract decreases ROS formed by CH and CHX mixture.
The addition of natural antioxidants like guava leaves extract decreases ROS formed by CH and CHX mixture.
Bibliometric analysis is the quantitative analysis of measurable citation information of a journal. It unveils research topics, publishing trends, assess research impact, and productivity.

The purpose of this study was to conduct a bibliometric analysis to identify and analyze the top 50 most cited articles published in the
(JCD).

Clarivate Analytics' Web of Science was used to search and identify the 50 most cited scientific papers of JCD. Each article was then cross-matched with Google Scholar and PubMed databases and the mean citation was derived. In addition, citation density for each article was derived to negate the age of publication factor.

Shapiro-Wilk test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test were done to detect departures from normality. For testing and determining correlations among several variables, the Spearman rank test was performed.

The top 50 most-cited articles received a total of 6263 (Google Scholar), 323 (PubMed), and 2056 (Web of Science) citations. Major topics of interest in the top 50 most-cited articles were dental material science (
= 18) and carious and noncarious lesion management (
= 14).
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