Notes

Francisella FlmX generally affects lipopolysaccharide change and virulence.
The parasitic genus Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae) is exceptional among plants with respect to centromere organization, including both monocentric and holocentric chromosomes, and substantial variation in genome size and chromosome number. We investigated 12 species representing the diversity of the genus in a phylogenetic context to reveal the molecular and evolutionary processes leading to diversification of their genomes. We measured genome sizes and investigated karyotypes and centromere organization using molecular cytogenetic techniques. We also performed low-pass whole genome sequencing and comparative analysis of repetitive DNA composition. A remarkable 102-fold variation in genome sizes (342-34 734 Mbp/1C) was detected for monocentric Cuscuta species, while genomes of holocentric species were of moderate sizes (533-1545 Mbp/1C). The genome size variation was primarily driven by the differential accumulation of LTR-retrotransposons and satellite DNA. The transition to holocentric chromosomes in the subgenus Cuscuta was associated with loss of histone H2A phosphorylation and elimination of centromeric retrotransposons. In addition, basic chromosome number of holocentric species (x = 7) was smaller than in monocentrics (x = 15 or 16). We demonstrated that the transition to holocentricity in Cuscuta was accompanied by significant changes in epigenetic marks, chromosome number and the repetitive DNA sequence composition.
The aim was to explore an effective training system for diagnosis of superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SESCC) and its staging with Magnifying narrow-band imaging (M-NBI).

Fifteen endoscopists with no or less M-NBI experience participated in this training, which consisted of four stages and five teaching methods (M-NBI classification criterion, case analysis, hands-on operation, error correction and SESCC pathological knowledge). M-NBI images were evaluated and diagnostic accuracy was analyzed.

After training, the accuracy of distinguishing neoplastic esophageal from non-neoplastic (0.58±0.16 vs. 0.95±0.05, P=0.000) and diagnosing SESCC staging (0.25±0.26 vs. 0.89±0.08, P=0.000) with M-NBI were significantly increased. Participants with no M-NBI experience achieve equivalent diagnostic accuracy with less-experienced trainees after the training (0.91±0.08 vs. 0.92±0.04, P=0.816). Besides, diagnosis of MM (muscularis mucosa)/SM1 (submucosal) staging tumors (Stage I 0.47±0.15 Stage II-III-IV 0.76±0.12 ) with M-NBI was difficult for trainees and should be the focus of this training. Every teaching method could improve the diagnostic accuracy for esophageal lesions, especially for case analysis (from 0.59±0.10 to 0.85±0.08, P=0.000). In addition, the average operation score for trainees were significantly increased after hands-on teaching (60.40±11.11 vs. 91.80±4.28, P=0.0001).

For novices, this training system showed efficient performance for diagnosing SESCC staging with M-NBI. Diagnosing MM/SM1 staging SESCC was difficult for beginners, and should be the focus of training.
For novices, this training system showed efficient performance for diagnosing SESCC staging with M-NBI. Diagnosing MM/SM1 staging SESCC was difficult for beginners, and should be the focus of training.Autoimmune rheumatic diseases (AIRD) are categorized seropositive or seronegative, dependent upon the presence or absence of specific autoreactive antibodies, including rheumatoid factor and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies. Autoantibody-based diagnostics have proved helpful in patient care, not only for diagnosis but also for monitoring of disease activity and prediction of therapy responsiveness. Recent work demonstrates that AIRD patients develop autoantibodies beyond those contained in the original categorization. In this study we discuss key mechanisms that underlie autoantibody development in AIRD defects in early B cell development, genetic variants involved in regulating B cell and T cell tolerance, environmental triggers and antigen modification. We describe how autoantibodies can directly contribute to AIRD pathogenesis through innate and adaptive immune mechanisms, eventually culminating in systemic inflammation and localized tissue damage. We conclude by discussing recent insights that suggest distinct AIRD have incorrectly been denominated seronegative.
Surgery is the curative therapy for patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). In determining the extent of surgery, the risk of complications should be considered. learn more The aim of this study was to assess procedure-specific outcomes and risk factors for complications after surgery for MTC.

Patients who underwent thyroid surgery for MTC were identified in two European prospective quality databases. Hypoparathyroidism was defined by treatment with calcium/active vitamin D. Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) palsy was diagnosed on laryngoscopy. Complications were considered at least transient if present at last follow-up. Risk factors for at-least transient hypoparathyroidism and RLN palsy were identified by logistic regression analysis.

A total of 650 patients underwent surgery in 69 centres at a median age of 56 years. Hypoparathyroidism, RLN palsy and bleeding requiring reoperation occurred in 170 (26·2 per cent), 62 (13·7 per cent) and 17 (2·6 per cent) respectively. Factors associated with hypoparathyroidism were central lymph node dissection (CLND) (odds ratio (OR) 2·20, 95 per cent c.i. 1·04 to 4·67), CLND plus unilateral lateral lymph node dissection (LLND) (OR 2·78, 1·20 to 6·43), CLND plus bilateral LLND (OR 2·83, 1·13 to 7·05) and four or more parathyroid glands observed (OR 4·18, 1·46 to 12·00). RLN palsy was associated with CLND plus LLND (OR 4·04, 1·12 to 14·58) and T4 tumours (OR 12·16, 4·46 to 33·18). After compartment-oriented lymph node dissection, N0 status was achieved in 248 of 537 patients (46·2 per cent).

Complications after surgery for MTC are procedure-specific and may relate to the unavoidable consequences of radical dissection needed in some patients.
Complications after surgery for MTC are procedure-specific and may relate to the unavoidable consequences of radical dissection needed in some patients.
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