Notes

Differentiation regarding THP-1 monocytes to be able to macrophages improved mitochondrial Genetics copy number but would not enhance term of mitochondrial respiratory system proteins as well as mitochondrial transcribing factor The.
One-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc test. p < 0.05 was considered to be significant.

In tail-flick method, both Holoptelea integrifolia and Argyreia speciosa produced significant (p<0.05) increase in latency as compared to control, their combination showed a significant increase in latency as compared to control as well as to the standard - ibuprofen. In writhing method, Holoptelea integrifolia and Argyreia speciosa, alone and in combination, significantly decreased the number of writhes as compared to control. In paw oedema method, both Holoptelea integrifolia and Argyreia speciosa showed significant inhibition of paw oedema as compared to control and the activity was comparable to ibuprofen.

Extracts of Holoptelea integrifolia and Argyreia speciosa exhibits significant central and peripheral analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity.
Extracts of Holoptelea integrifolia and Argyreia speciosa exhibits significant central and peripheral analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity.
Limited resources of healthcare system and high use of antidepressants have raised some serious concerns regarding proper surveillance system of prescribed medicines. Not much literature is available from Pakistan regarding the potential drug-drug interactions (pDDIs) associated with antidepressants.

The objective of this study was to assess the frequency of pDDIs associated with antidepressants, their severity, significance and their association with patient characteristics.

A prospective, observational study was conducted in two major hospitals of Karachi for the period of three months. Patient profiles, medication charts, and physician notes were thoroughly reviewed to gather all the relevant information. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were set prior to data collection. The collected data was then analysed using Micromedex Drug-REAX System. Descriptive and binomial logistic regression analysis was used to express results.

Of 245 prescriptions reviewed, 141 prescriptions had at least one pDDI (57.sants. Future studies are warranted to establish these results by including hospitals in different parts of the country.
Various studies in medical education have shown that active learning strategies should be incorporated into the teaching-learning process to make learning more effective, efficient and meaningful.

The aim of this study was to evaluate student's perceptions on an innovative revision method conducted in Pharmacology i.e. in form of Autobiography of Drugs. The main objective of study was to help students revise the core topics in Pharmacology in an interesting way.

Questionnaire based survey on a newer method of pharmacology revision in two batches of second year MBBS students of a tertiary care teaching medical college.

Various sessions on Autobiography of Drugs were conducted amongst two batches of second year MBBS students, during their Pharmacology revision classes. Student's perceptions were documented with the help of a five point likert scale through a questionnaire regarding quality, content and usefulness of this method.

Descriptive analysis.

Students of both the batches appreciated the innovative method taken up for revision. The median scores in most of the domains in both batches were four out of five, indicative of good response. Feedback from open-ended questions also revealed that the innovative module on "Autobiography of Drugs" was taken as a positive learning experience by students.

Autobiography of drugs has been used to help students recall topics that they have learnt through other teachings methods. Autobiography sessions in Pharmacology during revision slots, can be one of the interesting ways in helping students revise and recall topics which have already been taught in theory classes.
Autobiography of drugs has been used to help students recall topics that they have learnt through other teachings methods. Autobiography sessions in Pharmacology during revision slots, can be one of the interesting ways in helping students revise and recall topics which have already been taught in theory classes.Metaplastic breast carcinoma is a rare primary breast malignancy. A 45-year-old female patient presented with multicentric lumps in left breast of 6 months duration and history of axillary lymphadenopathy of 2 months duration. Mammography revealed two high density masses with ill defined margins. Fine needle aspiration cytology was positive for duct carcinoma cells. Histo pathologic examination, reported as "Multicentric infiltrating duct carcinoma with squamous differentiation left breast", grade 2. Immunohistochemistry revealed negativity for ER, PR and positivity for HER-2/neu. Tanespimycin purchase We are presenting this rare case for clinical, radiological, histopathological and immunohistochemical study.Co-existence of mucinous cystadenocarcinoma with mature cystic teratoma in the same ovary is very rare. We report a case in a 48-year-old female who presented with left abdominal mass. CT scan revealed a heterogeneous enhancing left ovarian mass lesion. Clinical diagnosis of complex ovarian cyst was made, later underwent laparotomy and histologically diagnosed as mucinous cystadenocarcinoma (grade 2) co-existing with benign cystic teratoma, stage Ia (FIGO) of the left ovary. Six months after surgery, the patient is doing well without any recurrence or metastasis. Hence, histopathological examination plays a significant role in accurate diagnosis and management of the patient. So, we should be aware of these rare co-existent tumours and meticulous dissection should be done to look for any synchronous tumours or malignant areas; since management and prognosis will vary significantly depending upon the microscopic type and stage.Fibrosarcoma has been defined as a malignant mesenchymal tumour, the cells of which recapitulate the appearance of the normal fibroblast, with variable collagen production. Fibrosarcoma is a very uncommon tumour in the head and neck regions constituting only 0.05% of all the fibrosarcomas presenting in humans. They cause no characteristic symptoms and pose difficulty in clinical diagnosis. They have been classified histologically based on their distinct features into myxoid fibrosarcoma, low grade fibromyxoid fibrosarcoma and sclerosing epitheloid sarcoma. Here we present a rare case report of a 45-year-old male patient presenting with a maxillary fibrosarcoma, which histologically presented with different patterns.Sertoli-Leydig cell tumour (SLCT) is an extremely rare ovarian neoplasm. This tumour is characterized by excessive proliferation of normal testicular structures sertoli and leydig cells. These cells are seen in varying proportions and exhibit varying degrees of differentiation. We report a case of primary ovarian SLCT with heterologus elements in a 17-year-old girl which was misdiagnosed on frozen section as mucinous cystic neoplasm. We discuss the clinicopathologic features of SLCT along with the unusual features seen in this case.
Cigarette smoke contains many compounds which are proven carcinogens having detrimental effect on various organs. The free radicals and other carcinogens have a harmful effect on testicular function which may affect male fertility directly.

Although many studies have been conducted to establish the relationship between cigarette smoking and male infertility, their conclusions have been highly controversial. This evoked our interest to investigate this intriguing research question.

One hundred and twenty three subjects were included in the present study amongst which 20 were non smokers, 42 with smoking history of less than 5 years and 61 with more than 5 years.

Cigarette smoking was found to have a detrimental effect on both the sperm motility and the sperm count, but the effect on sperm motility was greater than that of sperm count.

This study throws light on the detrimental effect of cigarette smoking on male fertility as reflected by decreased vital parameters of semen like sperm motility and sperm count.
This study throws light on the detrimental effect of cigarette smoking on male fertility as reflected by decreased vital parameters of semen like sperm motility and sperm count.
Cutaneous melanocytic proliferations are diverse both morphologically as well as in their behavioural patterns. Both dermatologists and pathologists regularly encounter diagnostic dilemmas while interpreting such lesions.

To study all cutaneous premalignant and malignant lesions with respect to their clinical features and histopathological findings.

A retrospective study was done in the Department of Pathology over a period of 10 years (2004-14) on all the clinically pigmented lesions that were biopsied or excised. Out of these only premalignant and malignant melanocytic lesions were analysed with respect to their important clinical and histologic features. Immunohistochemistry was carried out using HMB-45 and S-100 where indicated.

A total of 338 skin cancers were reported, out of these 27, 7.9% were cutaneous malignant melanoma. Premalignant lesions were 33. The mean age for premalignant lesions and melanomas was 43 years and 50.7 years respectively with a male predominance in both groups. The sole of foot/ankle was the most common site of involvement by melanoma (n=8,29.6%) while sun exposed sites like face and scalp were common sites for development of premalignant lesions like dysplastic nevi, lentigo simplex, pigmented seborrheic keratosis and Bowens disease. One case presented as post-traumatic scar tissue which turned out to be desmoplastic melanoma. One case of amelanotic melanoma presented as recurrent painful penile ulcers. Both cases were confirmed on Immunohistochemistry.

All pigmented lesions should be regarded as tumours of uncertain malignant potential and treated with complete excision if possible with long term follow up.
All pigmented lesions should be regarded as tumours of uncertain malignant potential and treated with complete excision if possible with long term follow up.
In Iran, cancer is the third reason of the death and every year 500,000 new cases were detected, and 14% of all death is related to cancer. The most common system that is affected by cancer (after the skin) is gastrointestinal (GI) system. The purpose of the study is evaluation of the 7 years incidence (2002-2008) of the GI cancers in Ilam province in the west of Iran.

In this retrospective cross-sectional study, total 307 record health related to the patients affected by the gastro-intestinal system cancer were evaluated after referring to the pathologic centers of the Ilam province and neighboring provinces. Patient's data were recorded from their file based on the standard questionnaire.

The mean age ± standard deviation of participants was 63.8+1.5. More than half of participants study was men (58.3%). The prevalence of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine and colorectal cancers was significantly higher in the men than the women (unlike liver cancer) (p<0.001). The most common site of GI cancer were esophagus (38.1%) and stomach (34.2%) but small intestine was allocated the least prevalence (1%) to itself. The most common pathology type of cancer was adenocarcinoma in the GI system (68.1%).

According to the high prevalence of the GI cancer and also the ascending incidence of the patient with disease in the Ilam province, special measures should be considered for the reduction of the life and property load resulted from this disease. People by introduction of the warning signs of the gastrointestinal system cancer should be screened for GI cancer.
According to the high prevalence of the GI cancer and also the ascending incidence of the patient with disease in the Ilam province, special measures should be considered for the reduction of the life and property load resulted from this disease. People by introduction of the warning signs of the gastrointestinal system cancer should be screened for GI cancer.
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