Notes

Corrigendum to "Ultra-trace resolution of oxyhalides in ozonated aquacultural maritime marine environments by direct injection ion chromatography in conjunction with triple-quadrupole size spectrometry" [Heliyon 6 (Four) (The spring 2021) e06885].
Mirabegron, tamsulosin, silodosin, fesoterodine, and tadalafil were administrated as intervention. While B3AR agonist can improve the patient-important outcomes within group (before and after treatment), B3AR agonist combination therapy with current standard BPH treatment such as alpha blocker or anticholinergic may not have additional effects on urological symptom scores and QoL compared to alpha blocker or anticholinergic monotherapy. B3AR agonist therapy with phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor (PDE5I) showed statistical improvement on urological symptom scores or QoL compared to PDE5I monotherapy. For safety profile, B3AR agonist in all 3 comparisons may not increase adverse event rate. While B3AR agonists may be used for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in men with BPH if storage symptoms with standard BPH treatment are insufficient, B3AR agonists appear to have trivial or similar effects compared to current standard BPH treatment.An 18-year-old male was aware of painless left testicular enlargement. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed a retroperitoneal tumor, multiple liver tumors, and multiple lung tumors. A left testicular tumor was suspected, and left inguinal orchiectomy was performed. The pathological diagnosis was choriocarcinoma, yolk sac tumor, and embryonal carcinoma. Although bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin therapy was performed as first-line chemotherapy and paclitaxel, iphosfamide and cisplatin therapy was performed as second-line chemotherapy, the tumor markers did not become negative. Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection and partial hepatectomy were performed as desperation surgery. However a new brain metastatic lesion appeared; then, radiation therapy (whole brain irradiation, stereotactic radiotherapy) and gemcitabine, oxaliplatin therapy were performed. The tumor marker became negative, and lung metastases were resected followed by right lower lung lobectomy. No recurrence has been observed for one year and six months after the lobectomy.A 70-year-old man visited his doctor because of hip pain and gross hematuria. Digital rectal examination and computed tomography revealed a prostatic abscess. Although antibiotics were prescribed, his symptoms did not improve; he was transferred to our hospital, where transurethral fenestration of the prostatic abscess was performed. During prostatic fenestration, a papillary mucous membrane was confirmed inside the cavity of the prostatic abscess. Pathological examination revealed a mucinous adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Although hormonal therapy was administered, magnetic resonance imaging revealed tumor extension necessitating robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the prostate is rare, and to our knowledge this is the first report of mucinous adenocarcinoma of the prostate diagnosed after transurethral treatment of a prostatic abscess.In this case report, we describe a case of primary retroperitoneal neuroendocrine carcinoma. An 85- year-old man presented with a 3-week history of left back pain. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed an 8×5 cm mass to the left of the aorta and multiple hepatic metastases. Immunohistochemistry staining of the tumor cells showed positivity for the neuroendocrine marker synaptophysin and a very high Ki67 proliferation index. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/bms-986158.html He was treated with carboplatin and etoposide. After 2 courses of chemotherapy, the mass had decreased in size, confirming that the treatment was effective. We plan to administer a total of 6 courses of chemotherapy.We report a case of 2,8-dihydroxyadenine (DHA) urolithiasis in a 65-year-old male. He initially visited another institution because right hydronephrosis was revealed in a medical checkup. Computed tomography demonstrated radiolucent right renal stones. We performed percutaneous nephrolithotripsy and flexible transurethral lithotripsy and removed the stones successfully. An analysis of the stone fragments revealed 2,8-DHA urolithiasis. 2,8-DHA stones are relatively rare and caused by adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency.A 69-year-old man presented with left flank pain and underwent a computed tomographic scan, which revealed a large left renal mass of 16×9×5 cm. A left nephrectomy was performed. Pathological analysis revealed that the tumor was consistent with angiosarcoma of the left kidney with a negative surgical margin. He received combination therapy with radiation therapy and four courses of chemotherapy with doxorubicin and ifosfamide. However, he died 10 months after surgery because of pleural dissemination and peritoneal dissemination. Primary renal angiosarcoma is an extremely rare and highly aggressive tumor with a dismal survival rate, and a satisfactory surgical margin is necessary for its successful treatment. If primary renal angiosarcoma is suspected, biopsy may be considered before surgery. Primary renal angiosarcoma treatment with combination therapy of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy by a specialist multidisciplinary team with experience and expertise in sarcoma is preferable. Development of therapy for angiosarcoma is awaited.Miyazaki Urological Cancer Database (MUCD) is a web-based database containing background, treatment, and prognosis of patients with prostate, renal, and urothelial cancers diagnosed in Miyazaki. We entered information on patients diagnosed with urothelial carcinoma from 2014 to 2018 at 4 of the 17 facilities that diagnose urothelial carcinoma in Miyazaki Prefecture. We analyzed the overall survival for bladder cancer and upper urinary tract cancer, and examined its correlation with the presence of symptoms, urine cytology, and clinical TNM classification. There were 487 patients with urothelial carcinoma, comprising 372 (76%) with bladder cancer and 115 (24%) with upper tract urinary cancer. In the bladder cancer group, 301 (81%) patients had symptomatic disease and 119 (32%) had positive urine cytology. The stage according to the TNM classification was Ta-1N0, T2-4N0, N1-2M0 and M1 in 248 (67%), 94 (26%), 19 (5%) and 11 (3%) patients, respectively. In the upper urinary tract cancers group, 89 (76%) had symptomatic disease and 41 (36%) had positive urine cytology. The stage according to the TNM classification was Ta-1N0, T2-4N0, N1-2M0 and M1 in 45 (39%), 37 (32%), 11 (10%) and 22 (19%) patients, respectively. The 3-year survival rates for bladder and upper urinary tract cancer were 83.4% and 67.8%, respectively. TNM classification (≤T1 vs ≥T2≥) was significantly associated with overall survival (bladder cancer HR＝7.07, 95% CI＝3.13-16.0, p＜0.0001 ; upper tract urinary cancer HR＝6.33, 95% CI＝2.13-18.8, p＝0.0009). The prognosis of patients with urothelial carcinoma diagnosed in multiple institutions could be evaluated using MUCD. The clinical T stage was significantly associated with overall survival in patients with bladder cancer and patients with upper urinary tract cancer.
The first-line antithyroid drug for children and adolescents with Graves' disease (GD) is methimazole (MMI). This study evaluated the relationship between the initial MMI dose and the clinical course of GD after treatment.

We studied the efficacy of the initial MMI dose and the relationship between the initial MMI dose and adverse events (AEs). We retrospectively enrolled 22 males and 77 females and divided those subjects into 3 groups according to the initial dose of MMI <0.4 mg/kg/day (group A; n=32); 0.4-0.7 mg/kg/day (group B; n=39); and >0.7 mg/kg/day (group C; n=28).

The mean time to the normalization of free thyroxine (fT4) levels upon initial treatment was 5.64, 8.61, and 7.98 weeks in groups A, B, and C, respectively (P=0.116). The incidence of liver dysfunction, neutropenia, and skin rash was 12.5%, 20.5%, and 42.9% in groups A, B, and C, respectively (P=0.018). Neutropenia, as a severe AE, was absent in group A, but its prevalence was 7.7% in group B and 21.4% in group C (P=0.015). When comparing only groups B and C, the incidences of liver dysfunction and neutropenia were higher in group C (P=0.04 and P=0.021, respectively).

The mean time to the normalization of fT4 levels did not differ among the 3 groups, but the incidence of AEs was higher in the groups that received high MMI doses. High doses of MMI (>0.7 mg/kg/day) should be reconsidered as an initial treatment for children and adolescents with GD.
The mean time to the normalization of fT4 levels did not differ among the 3 groups, but the incidence of AEs was higher in the groups that received high MMI doses. High doses of MMI (>0.7 mg/kg/day) should be reconsidered as an initial treatment for children and adolescents with GD.Ambient air pollution has been proposed as an important environmental risk factor that increases global mortality and morbidity. Over the past decade, several human and animal studies have reported an association between exposure to air pollution and altered metabolic and endocrine systems in children. However, the results for these studies were mixed and inconclusive and did not demonstrate causality because different outcomes were observed due to different study designs, exposure periods, and methodologies for exposure measurements. Current proposed mechanisms include altered immune response, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, inadequate placental development, and epigenetic modulation. In this review, we summarized the results of previous pediatric studies that reported effects of prenatal and postnatal air pollution exposure on childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus, obesity, insulin resistance, thyroid dysfunction, and timing of pubertal onset, along with underlying related mechanisms.Primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) in pediatric age is a rare, but potentially fatal condition caused by diverse etiologies including biochemical defects of steroid biosynthesis, developmental abnormalities of the adrenal gland, or reduced responsiveness to adrenocorticotropic hormone. Compared to adult PAI, pediatric PAI is more often the result of genetic (monogenic, syndromic disorders) than acquired conditions. During the past decade, rare monogenic disorders associated with PAI have helped unravel the underlying novel molecular genetic mechanism. The diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency in children and young infancy is often challenging, usually based on clinical suspicion and endocrine laboratory findings. Pediatric endocrinologists sometimes encounter therapeutic difficulty in finding the balance between undertreatment and overtreatment, determining how to optimize the dose over the patient's lifetime, and maximizing mimicry of normal cortisol secretion with glucocorticoid replacement therapy.Most steroidogenesis disorders are caused by mutations in genes encoding the steroidogenic enzymes, but work in the past 20 years has identified related disorders caused by mutations in the genes encoding the cofactors that transport electrons from NADPH to P450 enzymes. Most P450s are microsomal and require electron donation by P450 oxidoreductase (POR); by contrast, mitochondrial P450s require electron donation via ferredoxin reductase (FdxR) and ferredoxin (Fdx). POR deficiency is the most common and best-described of these new forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Severe POR deficiency is characterized by the Antley-Bixler skeletal malformation syndrome and genital ambiguity in both sexes, and hence is easily recognized, but mild forms may present only with infertility and subtle disorders of steroidogenesis. The common POR polymorphism A503V reduces catalysis by P450c17 (17-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase) and the principal drugmetabolizing P450 enzymes. The 17,20-lyase activity of P450c17 requires the allosteric action of cytochrome b5, which promotes interaction of P450c17 with POR, with consequent electron transfer.
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