Notes

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In terms of contributions to the population's total alcohol consumption, the order of these classes was reversed (19% and 26%, respectively). Drinking at home with no visitors covered 40% of all the alcohol drunk in Finland. Different types of occasions varied little in beverage type composition.

For acute harm, "big party nights" are important to consider because of the prevalence of intoxication, whereas for chronic harm, drinking at home without visitors is even more important to consider.
For acute harm, "big party nights" are important to consider because of the prevalence of intoxication, whereas for chronic harm, drinking at home without visitors is even more important to consider.
Alcohol privatization efforts have enabled consumers in many states in the United States to purchase alcohol in a variety of off-premise outlets, including grocery stores. This study examines the dual use of outlets to purchase both alcohol and groceries and the extent to which dual use is related to individual income, neighborhood income, and local physical availability of alcohol.

The East Bay Neighborhoods Study surveyed residents from 72 microecological neighborhoods across six cities in Alameda County, California. Eligible respondents who purchased alcohol in the last year (
= 707) were asked about the off-premise outlet in which they most often purchase alcohol. Purchasing behaviors within this outlet, including purchasing groceries and frequency of visits to the outlet, were assessed. Multilevel logistic regression and negative binomial models assessed outcomes.

Seventy-three percent of participants reported dual use of their most used outlet for groceries and alcohol. In adjusted models, dual eighborhood income and outlet-level contexts.
Syringe vending machines (SVMs) are intended to supplement the standard syringe exchange programs to access hard-to-reach groups and to cover unserved geographical areas. This report describes how we adapted SVMs to deliver interventions and collect research data as part of a study of smart SVMs (SSVMs) in Tbilisi, Georgia.

To create SSVMs, we upgraded commercial vending machines and developed a computer program to track and record interactions and to display messages related to study procedures. Preferred locations for SSVMs, product specifications, and the mode of operation were determined through formative input from people who inject drugs (PWID). SSVMs were installed near pharmacies and serve both the general population and PWID. The "hidden" interactive menu for the PWID prevention kits was displayed on the screen only when a special plastic card was used. The plastic cards were distributed to the clients of fixed syringe exchange programs and to their peers who were not in contact with harm-reducti).
This article describes the origins and purposes of alcohol industry "social aspects organizations" as portrayed in internal tobacco industry documents.

We systematically searched the Truth Tobacco Documents Library for information regarding alcohol industry social aspects organizations. Using content provided by industry actors themselves, we identified a series of episodes in their evolution from the early 1950s to the early 1990s.

Hill and Knowlton, a public relations company, developed and managed the tobacco industry's scientific programs from the early 1950s onward. At the same time, the company performed a similar function for the U.S. 10058-F4 Myc inhibitor distilled spirits industry, with research funding central to advancing what were conceived as public relations goals. They sought to persuade the public and policy makers that the cause of alcohol problems was the people who drank distilled spirits, rather than the product itself. Facing the existential threat posed by the developing population-level understanding of alcohol problems in the 1980s, national and international trade associations collaborated with the tobacco industry in various ways. The largest companies sought to bring together the different sectors of the alcohol industry to support a global network of national-level social aspects organizations.

Alcohol industry social aspects organizations were developed to advance long-term public relations goals to manage both policy and science.
Alcohol industry social aspects organizations were developed to advance long-term public relations goals to manage both policy and science.
We examined associations of city-level policies and enforcement operations (i.e., social host laws and party patrol operations) with youth drinking, heavy drinking, and drinking-related problems in private and public drinking contexts. We also examined whether these associations were modified by age.

We surveyed 580 youth (ages 16-20 years; 53% male) living in 24 midsized California cities. We used mixed-effects negative binomial and logistic regression to calculate the frequency of youth drinking and heavy drinking and odds of drinking-related problems in each context (own home, friend's home, restaurant, bar, music venue, and outdoors).

There were positive associations between more comprehensive city-level social host policies and frequency of youth drinking and heavy drinking at music venues, and youth heavy drinking and drinking-related problems at restaurants. Younger youth who lived in cities with more comprehensive social host laws drank heavily less frequently in their own home than younger youtinking in other contexts, such as restaurants and music venues. Comprehensive social host policies and party patrol operations may be more influential for younger youth drinking in their own home or outdoors.
Rideshare companies such as Uber and Lyft have substantially changed transportation markets in the United States and globally. The aim of this study was to examine whether ridesharing is associated with reductions in alcohol-involved crashes.

This case-series study used highly spatially and temporally resolved trip-level rideshare data and motor vehicle crash data from the Chicago Data Portal from November 2018 to December 2019. The units of analysis were motor vehicle crashes in Chicago. Events of interest were 962 crashes that police indicated were alcohol involved. The comparison group was 962 non-alcohol-involved crashes that occurred in the same census tract, matched 11. The exposure of interest was the density per square mile of rideshare trips that were in progress at the time of the crash, calculated using a kernel density function around the estimated route paths of active trips. A conditional logistic regression compared alcohol involvement to rideshare trip density while adjusting for matching and relevant time-varying covariates (taxi trips, precipitation, temperature, holidays).

Mean rideshare trip density was 69.0 per square mile (
= 129.7) at the time and location of alcohol-involved crashes and 105.7 per square mile (
= 192.6) at the time and location of non-alcohol-involved crashes. After controlling for covariates, the conditional logistic regression model identified that a standard deviation increase in rideshare trips per square mile at the crash location was associated with 23% decreased odds that the crash location was alcohol involved (odds ratio = 0.771; 95% confidence interval [0.594, 0.878]).

Ridesharing may replace motor vehicle trips by alcohol-impaired drivers.
Ridesharing may replace motor vehicle trips by alcohol-impaired drivers.
Increasing the price of alcohol is an effective strategy for reducing excessive consumption and alcohol-related harms. Limited research is available on how the establishment of a minimum price for alcoholic beverages might be an effective strategy to reduce this health risk behavior and what impact that might have in the United States. This study describes alcohol minimum pricing (MP) policy options for consideration in the United States, assesses implementation feasibility and effectiveness, and discusses implications for implementation.

Three alcohol pricing policy options for reducing excessive drinking were compared in this prospective analysis alcohol taxation (status quo in states), minimum unit pricing (MUP) by unit of alcohol (e.g., 0.6 oz. [14 g] of pure alcohol), and MP by specified amount of an alcoholic beverage type (e.g., liter of beer). For each policy, five implementation-related domains were analyzed political feasibility, public acceptability, implementation cost, health equity, and legal feasibility. Effectiveness was also evaluated based on literature.

Alcohol MP policies, particularly MUP, could be feasible to implement and cost-efficient for reducing excessive alcohol consumption and related harms in the United States. MP policies are likely to have modest public acceptability in the United States. Although the political feasibility of MP policies is uncertain and would likely vary across states, international research suggests that MP might be a feasible pricing strategy that can be used in conjunction with alcohol taxes.

Alcohol MP can be part of a comprehensive approach for reducing excessive drinking and related harms; however, factors such as state-level differences in alcohol control regulation may influence policy implementation.
Alcohol MP can be part of a comprehensive approach for reducing excessive drinking and related harms; however, factors such as state-level differences in alcohol control regulation may influence policy implementation.
Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) programs have been effective for moderate reductions of alcohol use among participants in universal settings. However, there has been limited evidence of effectiveness in referring individuals to specialty care, and the literature now often refers to screening and brief intervention (SBI). This study examines documentation of substance use disorder (SUD) diagnoses in a low-income Medicaid population to evaluate the effect of universal SBIRT on healthcare system recognition of SUDs, a first step to obtaining a referral to treatment (RT) for individuals with SUDs.

SBI patient data from Wisconsin's Initiative to Promote Healthy Lifestyles (WIPHL) were linked to Wisconsin Medicaid claims data. A comparison group of Medicaid beneficiaries was identified from a matched sample of non-SBIRT clinics (total study
= 14,856). Hierarchical generalized linear modeling was used to assess rates of SUD diagnosis in the 12 months following receipt of SBIRT ncrease in diagnosis reflects integrated care for SUDs or if it leads to improved access to specialty care, in which case abandonment of the RT component of SBIRT may be premature.
The presence of SBIRT in a primary care clinic appears to increase the awareness and recognition of patients with SUDs and a greater willingness of healthcare providers to diagnose patients with an alcohol or drug use disorder on Medicaid claims. Further research is needed to determine if this increase in diagnosis reflects integrated care for SUDs or if it leads to improved access to specialty care, in which case abandonment of the RT component of SBIRT may be premature.
Although numerous studies have examined the geographic availability of medications for opioid use disorder, none have measured the availability of medications for alcohol use disorder (MAUD) in the United States. We examined county-level trends in MAUD offerings in the specialty substance use disorder treatment system and compared MAUD availability with local geographic characteristics and alcohol use disorder treatment need.

We constructed annual county-level measures of MAUD availability for 2016-2019 using the National Directory of Drug and Alcohol Abuse Treatment Facilities, determining the number of outpatient facilities offering MAUD in each county (
= 12,568). Two-part, multivariable regression models estimated the association between MAUD availability and temporal trends, census region, urbanicity, and prevalence of excessive drinking.

Availability of MAUD increased significantly over the study period. By 2019, 38% of U.S. facilities offered at least one MAUD, 40% of counties had at least one specialty treatment facility offering MAUD, and counties with at least one facility had an average of 3.
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