Notes

A genome-scale yeast library together with inducible phrase of human family genes.
Hydrodynamic alignment of proteinaceous or polymeric nanofibrillar building blocks can be utilized for subsequent assembly into intricate three-dimensional macrostructures. The non-equilibrium structure of flowing nanofibrils relies on a complex balance between the imposed flow-field, colloidal interactions and Brownian motion. The understanding of the impact of non-equilibrium dynamics is not only weak, but is also required for structural control. Investigation of underlying dynamics imposed by the flow requires in situ dynamic characterization and is limited by the time-resolution of existing characterization methods, specifically on the nanoscale. Here, we present and demonstrate a flow-stop technique, using polarized optical microscopy (POM) to quantify the anisotropic orientation and diffusivity of nanofibrils in shear and extensional flows. Microscopy results are combined with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements to estimate the orientation of nanofibrils in motion and simultaneous structural changes in a loose network. Diffusivity of polydisperse systems is observed to act on multiple timescales, which is interpreted as an effect of apparent fibril lengths that also include nanoscale entanglements. The origin of the fastest diffusivity is correlated to the strength of velocity gradients, independent of type of deformation (shear or extension). Fibrils in extensional flow results in highly anisotropic systems enhancing interfibrillar contacts, which is evident through a slowing down of diffusive timescales. Our results strongly emphasize the need for careful design of fluidic microsystems for assembling fibrillar building blocks into high-performance macrostructures relying on improved understanding of nanoscale physics.Quinazolinone and its congeners are ubiquitous structural motifs found in numerous natural products due to their wide applications as anticancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antifolate and antitumor agents etc. Previously, the synthetic community devoted their efforts towards synthetic approaches but recent years have also witnessed an upsurge in the diversification of this scaffold and its applications. Thus, this review (from 2011 to the beginning of 2020) comprehensively focuses on transition metal catalyzed C-H bond functionalization namely arylation, amination, acetoxylation, amidation, alkylation, alkenylation, alkynylation, halogenation, thiolation, trifluoroethylation etc. of quinazolin-4(3H)-one. Additionally, we also briefly elucidate the plausible mechanistic pathways, scope and limitations.Right heart catheterization (RHC) is a key diagnostic tool in several clinical conditions. It is recognized to be a technically demanding procedure requiring accurate evaluation of results. If performed by skilled operators, RHC provides reliable and valuable measurements with low complication rates. Although increasing data from the literature have become available over time, a comprehensive review of technical details and pitfalls is rare. This article aims to provide an overview of indications and evidence-based practical issues upon RHC to guide interventional cardiologists on how to perform this procedure.Coronary perforation is a rare but potentially lethal complication of percutaneous coronary intervention and it is associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes. There are no standardized techniques to achieve prompt and effective perforation sealing and treatment is left to the operator's preference and expertise. We report a case of successful embolization of a distal coronary artery perforation using the "block and deliver" technique. The technique is relatively simple and safe, it was effective, and we are strongly convinced that it may be helpful to all interventional cardiologists in their daily practice.Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has witnessed a period of remarkable advancements in the past decade. Such progress has promoted a pronounced expansion of the indication of PCI to what were previously considered untreatable lesions. Vorinostat This has particularly benefitted the field of chronic total occlusion (CTO). CTO operators often face challenging procedural scenarios, for which specific techniques have been developed. In this review, we will focus on and provide a detailed description of advanced percutaneous techniques aimed at solving a relatively rare complication of PCI of non-occlusive lesions, which is however associated with a large burden of morbidity and mortality acute vessel closure due to coronary dissection.Coronary perforation represents a terrible complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) which, if not promptly recognized and treated, can lead to catastrophic consequences for the patient. Hence, acquisition of the basic techniques for the treatment of coronary perforations is critical for the interventional cardiologist in order to safely perform PCIs. Although the incidence of coronary perforations remains low during PCI, it is possible to recognize some subgroups of patients and some types of coronary lesions, such as chronic coronary total occlusions, that are associated with increased risk. The treatments currently available depend on the type and site of coronary perforation, therefore timely recognition is of paramount importance in order to be able to quickly establish the most appropriate treatment.Stent under-expansion represents a negative prognostic factor, because of the risk to develop intrastent restenosis and stent thrombosis. It is often due to excessive calcium burden at the target lesion level. The list of devices available for the treatment of stent under-expansion includes super high-pressure non-compliant (NC) balloons, excimer laser and intravascular lithotripsy.NC OPNTM balloons (SIS Medical AG, Winterthur, Switzerland) reach much higher pressures than those of standard NC balloons (up to 35 atm), so they are able to overcome the resistance given by the calcific plaque. The excimer laser catheter instead generates ultraviolet light pulses with low penetration power. This one fragments the atherosclerotic material surrounding the implanted stent. This technology has proven to be extremely effective, however it requires specific operator experience to reduce the risk of serious complications. Intravascular lithotripsy is the most recent method, and it has shown very promising results so far.
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