Notes

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Accurate and reliable measurements are mandatory in the field of environmental monitoring. Matrix effects are often depicted as the Achilles heel of LC-MS analysis since they may be prejudicial for analytical performances such as detection capability and accuracy if not documented nor compensated. Here a methodological work for the evaluation and compensation of matrix effects is described.

Natural and synthetic representative water samples were used for the evaluation of matrix effects with the post-extraction addition technique. Samples were analysed by an ultra-performance liquid chromatography separation coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and electrospray ionization (ESI). Isotopic dilution was investigated as a way to allow compensation of signal alteration and therefore satisfactory quantification. When this approach was not possible a methodological work has been done to choose the more appropriate internal standard.

The matrix effects were dependent on both matrix composition and natntative matrices. Moreover, a methodological approach is proposed to choose the more appropriate available internal standard when isotope dilution is not possible.Autochthonous cattle breeds constitute important reservoirs of genetic diversity. Reggiana is an Italian local cattle breed reared in the north of Italy for the production of a mono-breed Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese. Reggiana cattle usually have a classical solid red coat colour and pale muzzle. As part of the strategies designed for the sustainable conservation of this genetic resource, we investigated at the genome-wise level the within-breed detected variability of three pigmentation-related traits (intensity of red coat colour, based on three classes - light/diluted, normal and dark; spotted patterns/piebaldism that sometime emerge in the breed; muzzle colour - pink/pale, grey and black), stature, presence/absence and number of supernumerary teats and teat length. A total of 1776 Reggiana cattle (about two-thirds of the extant breed population) were genotyped with the GeneSeek GGP Bovine 150k SNP array and single-marker and haplotype-based GWASs were carried out. The results indicated that two main groups of genetic factors affect the intensity of red coat colour darkening genes (including EDN3 and a few other genes) and diluting genes (including PMEL and a few other genes). Muzzle colour was mainly determined by MC1R gene markers. Piebaldism was mainly associated with KIT gene markers. Stature was associated with BTA6 markers upstream of the NCAPG-LCORL genes. Teat defects were associated with TBX3/TBX5, MCC and LGR5 genes. Overall, the identified genomic regions not only can be directly used in selection plans in the Reggiana breed, but also contribute to clarifying the genetic mechanisms involved in determining exterior traits in cattle.
Countries have adopted different approaches, at different times, to reduce the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Cross-country comparison could indicate the relative efficacy of these approaches. We assess various nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), comparing the effects of voluntary behavior change and of changes enforced via official regulations, by examining their impacts on subsequent death rates.

Secondary data on COVID-19 deaths from 13 European countries, over March-May 2020.

We examine two types of NPI the introduction of government-enforced closure policies and self-imposed alteration of individual behaviors in the period prior to regulations. Our proxy for the latter is Google mobility data, which captures voluntary behavior change when disease salience is sufficiently high. The primary outcome variable is the rate of change in COVID-19 fatalities per day, 16-20 days after interventions take place. Linear multivariate regression analysis is used to evaluate impacts.

pumic waxes and wanes, especially given the economic and human welfare consequences of strict regulations.
NPIs have substantially reduced fatalities arising from COVID-19. Importantly, the effect of voluntary behavior change is of the same order of magnitude as government-mandated regulations. These findings, including the substantial variation across dimensions of closure, have implications for the optimal targeted mix of government policies as the pandemic waxes and wanes, especially given the economic and human welfare consequences of strict regulations.To differentiate between the raw type and ripe type of tung oil, it is important to distinguish between the types of tung oil before its application. In the present work, an efficient headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS) method was developed for identifying eight samples T1-T8, including the raw tung oil and ripe tung oil. The HS-GC-MS experiments results showed that octanoic acid existed only in ripe tung oil of T2, T4, T6, T8, not in raw tung oil of T1, T3, T5, T7. Combined with structural characterization by tandem mass spectrometry, octanoic acid was screened as an effective marker for distinguishing between raw tung oil and ripe tung oil. Then, the HS-GC-MS method was applied into the putty samples of X1 (raw tung oil with lime) and X2 (ripe tung oil with lime) and successfully identified the samples X1 mixed with raw tung oil and X2 mixed with ripe tung oil. The further validations results suggested that the detection limit of our HS-GC-MS method could reach 1.05 mg/L for octanoic acid, whereas the detection limit of derivative gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (DR-GC-MS) method was 2.74 mg/L for methyl octanoate. The investigation results can also provide the useful information and technical support for the selection of restoration materials and technology in ancient buildings.Cloned animals are prone to abnormal phenotypes such as enlarged tongue, fetal oversize, and progeria. In the present study, whole-genome bisulfite sequencing and mRNA sequencing were performed on tongue and biceps femoris muscles of cloned piglets with and without macroglossia, in an attempt to elucidate the epigenetic causes of the macroglossia phenotype. Galunisertib We identified 14 958 and 18 752 differentially methylated regions in the tongue and biceps femoris muscles, respectively, of macroglossia piglets and these correspond to 4574 and 4772 differentially methylated genes compared with the control group (piglets without macroglossia). Larger methylation difference was found in tongue muscle than in biceps femoris muscle. In total, 114 genes in tongue and 72 genes in biceps femoris muscles were found to be differentially expressed between the two groups. Of these differentially expressed genes in tongue muscle, 31 were also differentially methylated genes, among which DIO3 and ZIC1 were imprinting or predicted imprinting genes.
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