Notes

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Posttranslational addition of a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) moiety (SUMOylation) has been implicated in pathologies such as brain ischemia, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and neurodegeneration. However, nuclear enrichment of SUMO pathway proteins has made it difficult to ascertain how ion channels, proteins that are typically localized to and function at the plasma membrane, and mitochondria are SUMOylated. Here, we report that the trophic factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) regulates SUMO proteins both spatially and temporally in neurons. We show that BDNF signaling via the receptor tropomyosin-related kinase B facilitates nuclear exodus of SUMO proteins and subsequent enrichment within dendrites. Of the various SUMO E3 ligases, we found that PIAS-3 dendrite enrichment in response to BDNF signaling specifically modulates subsequent ERK1/2 kinase pathway signaling. In addition, we found the PIAS-3 RING and Ser/Thr domains, albeit in opposing manners, functionally inhibit GABA-mediated inhibition. Finally, using oxygen-glucose deprivation as an in vitro model for ischemia, we show that BDNF-tropomyosin-related kinase B signaling negatively impairs clustering of the main scaffolding protein at GABAergic postsynapse, gephyrin, whereby reducing GABAergic neurotransmission postischemia. SUMOylation-defective gephyrin K148R/K724R mutant transgene expression reversed these ischemia-induced changes in gephyrin cluster density. Taken together, these data suggest that BDNF signaling facilitates the temporal relocation of nuclear-enriched SUMO proteins to dendrites to influence postsynaptic protein SUMOylation.Arrestins and their yeast homologs, arrestin-related trafficking adaptors (ARTs), share a stretch of 29 amino acids called the ART motif. However, the functionality of that motif is unknown. We now report that deleting this motif prevents agonist-induced ubiquitination of β-arrestin2 (β-arr2) and blocks its association with activated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Within the ART motif, we have identified a conserved phenylalanine residue, Phe116, that is critical for the formation of β-arr2-GPCR complexes. β-arr2 Phe116Ala mutant has negligible effect on blunting β2-adrenergic receptor-induced cAMP generation unlike β-arr2, which promotes rapid desensitization. Furthermore, available structures for inactive and inositol hexakisphosphate 6-activated forms of bovine β-arr2 revealed that Phe116 is ensconced in a hydrophobic pocket, whereas the adjacent Phe117 and Phe118 residues are not. Mutagenesis of Phe117 and Phe118, but not Phe116, preserves GPCR interaction of β-arr2. Surprisingly, Phe116 is dispensable for the association of β-arr2 with its non-GPCR partners. β-arr2 Phe116Ala mutant presents a significantly reduced protein half-life compared with β-arr2 and undergoes constitutive Lys-48-linked polyubiquitination, which tags proteins for proteasomal degradation. We also found that Phe116 is critical for agonist-dependent β-arr2 ubiquitination with Lys-63-polyubiquitin linkages that are known mediators of protein scaffolding and signal transduction. Finally, we have shown that β-arr2 Phe116Ala interaction with activated β2-adrenergic receptor can be rescued with an in-frame fusion of ubiquitin. Taken together, we conclude that Phe116 preserves structural stability of β-arr2, regulates the formation of β-arr2-GPCR complexes that inhibit G protein signaling, and promotes subsequent ubiquitin-dependent β-arr2 localization and trafficking.Eukaryotic mRNAs possess a poly(A) tail at their 3'-end, to which poly(A)-binding protein C1 (PABPC1) binds and recruits other proteins that regulate translation. Enhanced poly(A)-dependent translation, which is also PABPC1 dependent, promotes cellular and viral proliferation. PABP-interacting protein 2A (Paip2A) effectively represses poly(A)-dependent translation by causing the dissociation of PABPC1 from the poly(A) tail; however, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. This study was conducted to investigate the functional mechanisms of Paip2A action by characterizing the PABPC1-poly(A) and PABPC1-Paip2A interactions. Isothermal titration calorimetry and NMR analyses indicated that both interactions predominantly occurred at the RNA recognition motif (RRM)2-RRM3 regions of PABPC1, which have comparable affinities for poly(A) and Paip2A (dissociation constant, Kd = 1 nM). However, the Kd values of isolated RRM2 were 200 and 4 μM in their interactions with poly(A) and Paip2A, respectively; Kd values of 5 and 1 μM were observed for the interactions of isolated RRM3 with poly(A) and Paip2A, respectively. NMR analyses also revealed that Paip2A can bind to the poly(A)-binding interfaces of the RRM2 and RRM3 regions of PABPC1. Based on these results, we propose the following functional mechanism for Paip2A Paip2A initially binds to the RRM2 region of poly(A)-bound PABPC1, and RRM2-anchored Paip2A effectively displaces the RRM3 region from poly(A), resulting in dissociation of the whole PABPC1 molecule. Together, our findings provide insight into the translation repression effect of Paip2A and may aid in the development of novel anticancer and/or antiviral drugs.
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of the leading causes of death; however, updated data about clinical presentation and current management are missing in Greece. This study aimed to prospectively record the demographic and clinical characteristics of a representative sample of patients suffering from AMI, their management, and short-term outcomes.

ILIAKTIS is a national, prospective, multicenter, non-interventional study conducted under the auspices of Hellenic Society of Cardiology (HCS) and the European Initiative Stent - Save a Life. From 1
April 2020 to 30
June 2020, consecutive adult patients with STEMI or NSTEMI were enrolled in the fifty participating hospitals, appropriately selected to match the geographical and population distribution in the Greek territory.

In total, 1862 patients (mean age 64.2±13.2 yrs.; 77.2% males) with AMI were enrolled. More patients presented with NSTEMI (56.8%) than STEMI (43.2%). Primary PCI (pPCI) was the preferable treatment option for STEMI patients in PCI-hospitals (76.9% vs 39.9% for non-PCI, p<.001) and thrombolysis in non-PCI-hospitals (47.3% vs 17.9% for PCI-hospitals, p<.001). The mean length of hospital stay was 5.6 days. In-hospital mortality was less likely in NSTEMI compared to STEMI patients (aOR = 0.30; 95% CI 0.18 to 0.49). Patients initially admitted in non-PCI-hospitals have increased risk for in-hospital (aOR = 2.29; 95% CI 1.20 to 4.42) and 30-days mortality (aOR = 1.88; 95% CI 1.20 to 2.96).

This study shows that the proportion of STEMI and NSTEMI patients managed interventionally have been significantly increased, resulting in better clinical outcomes compared to previous Greek surveys.
This study shows that the proportion of STEMI and NSTEMI patients managed interventionally have been significantly increased, resulting in better clinical outcomes compared to previous Greek surveys.Currently, the standard therapeutic approach of AML consists of chemotherapy and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). However, these strategies are usually associated with adverse side effects and high risk of relapse following HSCT. Thus, it is imperative to find an alternative way against AML progression. Here, we showed that treatment with umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) could efficiently induce apoptosis in both primary AML patient-derived leukemic cells and AML cell lines. Mechanistically, tumor necrosis factor-α-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in UC-MSCs mediated the proapoptotic effect in AML cells. Besides, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) secreted by UC-MSCs blocked the cell cycle progression and inhibited the proliferation of AML cells. Importantly, we found that incubation of UC-MSCs with IFN-γ and TNF-α could upregulate the expression of TRAIL and IDO, resulting in an intensive pro-apoptotic efficacy. UC-MSCs pre-treatment could not only relieve the AML burden but also eliminate AML cells in a xenograft AML model. Our findings have shed light on an effective pre-activated approach to aggravating the anti-leukemia effect of MSC. Furthermore, a novel and safe stem cell-based therapy approach for AML treatment.
To examine patient activation from the start of stroke rehabilitation and its course up until the 6-month follow-up.

Inception cohort study with a follow-up of 6 months.

Multidisciplinary rehabilitation facility.

A total of 478 patients (N=478) with stroke who received inpatient or outpatient rehabilitation, with a median age of 63.0 years (interquartile range, 56.0-70.0 years) with 308 (64.2%) being men. The study was completed by 439 patients (91.8%).

Not applicable.

Patient activation was measured with the Patient Activation Measure (PAM) (score 0-100, 4 levels, where a higher score and level denotes more patient activation). The PAM was measured at the start of the rehabilitation (baseline) and 3 and 6 months thereafter and was analyzed using the multivariate mixed model analysis.

At baseline, the mean PAM score was 60.2±14.3, with the number of patients in PAM levels 1, 2, 3, and 4 being 76 (17.8%), 85 (19.9%), 177 (41.4%), and 90 (21.0%), respectively. The multivariate mixed-model analysis demonstrated that the PAM score increased over time (baseline 60.2±14.3 vs 3 months 60.7±14.8 vs 6 months 61.9±18.0; P.007). Between baseline and 6 months, 122 patients (41.4%) remained at the same PAM level, 105 patients (35.6%) increased, and 68 patients (23.1%) decreased. Tomivosertib datasheet At all time points, >35% of patients were in level 1 or 2.

PAM scores increased slightly over time from the start of rehabilitation up to the 6-month follow-up. However, more than one-third of patients remained at low levels (ie, level 1 and 2) of patient activation, which indicates that specific interventions during rehabilitation to increase patient activation might be of value.
PAM scores increased slightly over time from the start of rehabilitation up to the 6-month follow-up. However, more than one-third of patients remained at low levels (ie, level 1 and 2) of patient activation, which indicates that specific interventions during rehabilitation to increase patient activation might be of value.Conducting high-quality clinical research is dependent on merging scientific rigor with the clinical environment. This is often a complex endeavor that may include numerous barriers and competing interests. Overcoming these challenges and successfully integrating clinical research programs into clinical practice settings serving rehabilitation outpatients is beneficial from both a logistical perspective (eg, supports efficient and successful research procedures) and the establishment of a truly patient-centered research approach. Leveraging our experience with navigating this research-clinical care relationship, this article (1) proposes the Patient-Centered Framework for Rehabilitation Research, a model for integrating patient-centered research in an outpatient clinical setting that incorporates a collaborative, team-based model encompassing patient-centered values, as well as strategies for recruitment and retention, with a focus on populations living with disabilities or chronic diseases; (2) describes application of this framework in a comprehensive specialty multiple sclerosis center with both general strategies and specific examples to guide adaptation and implementation in other settings; and (3) discusses the effect of the framework as a model in 1 center, as well as the need for additional investigation and adaptation for other populations.
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