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The RTPC causes a relatively slight decline in the cost-effectiveness compared with the competitive market and therefore can be used for future policy design.Identifying and monitoring coastlines and shorelines play an important role in coastal erosion assessment around the world. The application of deep learning models was used in this study to detect coastlines and shorelines in Vietnam using high-resolution satellite images and different object segmentation methods. The aims are to (1) propose indicators to identify coastlines and shorelines; (2) build deep learning (DL) models to automatically interpret coastlines and shorelines from high-resolution remote sensing images; and (3) apply DL-trained models to monitor coastal erosion in Vietnam. Eight DL models were trained based on four artificial-intelligent-network structures, including U-Net, U2-Net, U-Net3+, and DexiNed. The high-resolution images collected from Google Earth Pro software were used as input data for training all models. As a result, the U-Net using an input-image size of 512 × 512 provides the highest performance of 98% with a loss function of 0.16. The interpretation results of this model were used effectively for the coastline and shoreline identification in assessing coastal erosion in Vietnam due to sea-level rise in storm events over 20 years. The outcomes proved that while the shoreline is ideal for observing seasonal tidal changes or the immediate motions of current waves, the coastline is suitable to assess coastal erosion caused by the influence of sea-level rise during storms. This paper has provided a broad scope of how the U-Net model can be used to predict the coastal changes over vietnam and the world.Nature-based solutions may actively reduce hydro-meteorological risks in urban areas as a part of climate change adaptation. However, the main reason for the increasing uptake of this type of solution is their many benefits for the local inhabitants, including recreational value. Previous studies on recreational value focus on studies of existing nature sites that are often much larger than what is considered as new NBS for flood adaptation studies in urban areas. We thus prioritized studies with smaller areas and nature types suitable for urban flood adaptation and divided them into four common nature types for urban flood adaptation sustainable urban drainage systems, city parks, nature areas and rivers. We identified 23 primary valuation studies, including both stated and revealed preference studies, and derived two value transfer functions based on meta-regression analysis on existing areas. We investigated trends between values and variables and found that for the purpose of planning of new NBS the size of NBS and population density were determining factors of recreational value. For existing NBS the maximum travelling distance may be included as well. We find that existing state-of-the-art studies overestimate the recreational with more than a factor of 4 for NBS sizes below 5 ha. Our results are valid in a European context for nature-based solutions below 250 ha and can be applied across different NBS types and sizes.South Asian women living in Western cultures may experience skin colour dissatisfaction, as fair skin is an important South Asian appearance ideal, whilst visible ethnic differences in their skin colour may lead to appearance-related ethnic teasing from members from the mainstream culture. This study investigates whether appearance-related ethnic teasing is indirectly associated with body dissatisfaction via skin colour dissatisfaction and explores the relationship between appearance-related ethnic teasing, cultural identification and skin colour dissatisfaction amongst first-generation South Asian women living in the United Kingdom. South Asian women (N = 98; 18-55 years, M = 24.60) completed an online questionnaire that measured appearance-related ethnic teasing, skin colour dissatisfaction, cultural identification, and body dissatisfaction. Appearance-related ethnic teasing was indirectly linked with greater body dissatisfaction via greater skin colour dissatisfaction. Appearance-related ethnic teasing was linked with stronger British identification, a greater sense of having an integrated identity and greater skin colour dissatisfaction. South Asian identification was associated with greater skin colour dissatisfaction. These findings suggest that skin colour dissatisfaction is an important link between appearance-related ethnic teasing and acculturating South Asian women's body image.The postpartum period is a window of vulnerability for disordered eating. Postpartum women experience pressures to "bounce back" to their pre-pregnancy weight which may lead to social comparisons, however it is unknown what postpartum women compare (e.g., body, eating), and to whom they compare themselves (e.g., celebrities, peers). This study evaluated links between different types (what is compared) and sources (to whom do they compare) of social comparison that postpartum women engage in. Included was self-oriented comparison, a novel construct conceptualized as comparisons of one's current postpartum appearance to one's pre-pregnancy appearance. A total of 306 postpartum women who gave birth in the past year and 153 control women who had never been pregnant completed an online survey. Results demonstrated postpartum women engaged in more frequent self-oriented comparison than controls. Postpartum women compared their bodies more frequently to their pre-pregnant selves, than to other sources. Although all types and sources of comparison were positively correlated with each disordered eating construct, eating comparison and self-oriented body comparison emerged as the dominant types and sources of comparison explaining unique variance in a range of disordered eating. Results suggest social comparison factors may be critical in understanding postpartum disordered eating risk.Self-compassion involves reflecting on shared human experiences, expressing self-kindness, and responding to feelings in a kind and non-judgmental way. Self-compassion interventions seem to be effective for women's body dissatisfaction, however, such interventions have not been trialed with men, including sexual minority men, who are particularly vulnerable. We conducted a randomized controlled trial of a brief self-compassion intervention designed to reduce body dissatisfaction among sexual minority men (N = 605). We used a 3 (condition self-compassion, self-esteem, and a benign recollection control) × 5 (time) repeated measures design, whereby participants completed a brief writing task and completed body image measures at multiple time-points. Participants in both the self-compassion and self-esteem conditions showed improved body image and self-compassion following the intervention whereas participants in the control condition did not. Increases in self-compassion mediated body image measures for participants in the self-compassion but not self-esteem or control conditions. selleck chemical Participants in the self-compassion condition also showed increased self-compassion at three-weeks follow-up. While several caveats to our results were noted, our overall interpretation is that self-compassion and self-esteem interventions might be effective for sexual minority men's body image, and more research is necessary. The challenge of inculcating a self-compassionate mindset among men is also discussed.The slim-thick ideal is characterized by a small waist and flat stomach, but large hips, thighs, and butt. Little research to date has examined the impact of this body-ideal on women's body image. The purpose of the current study was to investigate 1) the impact of slim-thick, thin-, and fit-ideal imagery on women's body image, 2) the body ideals women most aspire to, and 3) eating and body image characteristics of women who aspire to each ideal. Participants were 123 female undergraduate students. Results revealed that experimental exposure to slim-thick- and fit-ideal imagery resulted in lower body satisfaction. Participants reported aspiring more to the fit and slim-thick-ideal than to the thin-ideal, and rated the slim-thick-ideal as the most attractive and desirable. Women who aspired to the thin- or slim-thick-ideal reported the greatest overall disordered eating. Women who aspired to the slim-thick-ideal reported greater dietary restraint, eating, shape and weight concerns, appearance ideal internalization, body image investment, and physical appearance perfectionism than those who aspired to the fit-ideal. Findings show that beauty ideals are shifting away from the thin-ideal toward a slim-thick-ideal. Slim-thick internalization may be harmful to women's well-being and should be addressed in body image and eating disorders interventions.Body-positive online content (BPOC) has recently become widespread, yet the factors that explain its association with body satisfaction have scarcely been studied. The current study investigates the indirect association between the self-reported frequency of viewing BPOC and body satisfaction through body appreciation and the moderating roles of body-ideal internalization, self-esteem, intentional searching, and gender. Utilizing survey data from 1530 Czech adolescents aged 13-18 (M=15.4, SD=1.7, 50 % girls), the present study found limited support for an indirect connection between the frequency of viewing BPOC and body satisfaction through body appreciation. Nonetheless, an indirect association appeared among adolescents with average and above-average frequencies for intentional searching for BPOC. Other investigated moderating factors were not significant. The present findings suggest that BPOC may be positively associated with body image, but only for those who deliberately search for it. The study highlights the importance of individual moderating factors in the context of BPOC and the remaining research gaps, such as the examination of its various types and aspects and their relationship with body image.This work proposes that trait body dissatisfaction rests on two dissociable components 1) frequency of body dissatisfaction episodes, and 2) duration of such episodes, with higher trait body dissatisfaction resulting from more frequent and/or prolonged episodes. The current research aimed to develop a measure of these two dimensions (i.e., the Body Dissatisfaction Frequency Duration Questionnaire; BDFDQ) and test this theoretical model by investigating whether body dissatisfaction frequency and duration 1) were structurally dissociable, 2) meaningfully dissociable, and 3) each associated with different aspects of disordered eating behavior. Study 1 (N = 300, 42% women) developed the BDFDQ and showed that frequency and duration are structurally dissociable. Study 2 (N = 400, 50% women) showed that the two-factor model was invariant across gender and both subscales showed good psychometric properties of reliability and validity. Results further supported that frequency and duration are meaningfully dissociable by revealing that each component accounted for unique variance in trait body dissatisfaction. Study 3 (N = 279, 77% women) replicated Study 2 findings and established that frequency and duration subscales each associated with different aspects of disordered eating behavior. Together, findings imply that body dissatisfaction frequency and duration represent two separable dimensions underlying trait body dissatisfaction.
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