Notes

Extracellular Vesicles in the Infection Country.
Coumarins are well-known for their antioxidant effect and aromatic property, thus, they are one of ingredients commonly added in cosmetics and personal care products. Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) modeling is an in silico method widely used to facilitate rational design and structural optimization of novel drugs. Herein, QSAR modeling was used to elucidate key properties governing antioxidant activity of a series of the reported coumarin-based antioxidant agents (1-28). Several types of descriptors (calculated from 4 softwares i.e., Gaussian 09, Dragon, PaDEL and Mold2 softwares) were used to generate three multiple linear regression (MLR) models with preferable predictive performance (Q 2 LOO-CV = 0.813-0.908; RMSE LOO-CV = 0.150-0.210; Q 2 Ext = 0.875-0.952; RMSE Ext = 0.104-0.166). QSAR analysis indicated that number of secondary amines (nArNHR), polarizability (G2p), electronegativity (D467, D580, SpMin2_Bhe, and MATS8e), van der Waals volume (D491 and D461), and H-bond potential (SHBint4) are important properties governing antioxidant activity. The constructed models were also applied to guide in silico rational design of an additional set of 69 structurally modified coumarins with improved antioxidant activity. Finally, a set of 9 promising newly design compounds were highlighted for further development. Structure-activity analysis also revealed key features required for potent activity which would be useful for guiding the future rational design. In overview, our findings demonstrated that QSAR modeling could possibly be a facilitating tool to enhance successful development of bioactive compounds for health and cosmetic applications. Copyright © 2020 Worachartcheewan et al.Pseudomonas aeruginosa is considered as foremost cause of hospital acquired infections due to its innate and plasmid mediated resistance to multiple antibiotics making it a multi drug resistant (MDR) pathogen. Biofilm formation is a pathogenic mechanism harbored by this pathogen which further elevates its resistance to antibiotics and host defense system. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the biofilm forming potential and distribution of pslA gene in multi drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates obtained from different clinical samples. A total of 200 different clinical samples were collected after obtaining written consent from the patients. The samples were subjected to isolation and identification of P. aeruginosa by standard microbiological procedures. Confirmation of isolates was done by polymerase chain reaction targeting oprL gene. Kirby Bauer method was performed for detection of MDR isolates. Congo red agar (CRA) test and Microtiter plate assay (MPA) for observing the biofilm forming ability and amplification of pslA gene was also performed on MDR isolates. The results showed that from 200 samples 52 (26 %) were P. aeruginosa and among them 20 (38.46 %) were MDR isolates. The CRA showed 23 (44.23 %) while MPA detected 49 (94.23 %) isolates as biofilm producers while all the MDR isolates showed biofilm formation by MPA method. The pslA gene was detected in all biofilm forming isolates while 90 % in MDR P. aeruginosa. It was concluded that biofilm forming P. aeruginosa are more resistant to tested antibiotics and biofilm formation is strongly associated with presence of pslA gene. Copyright © 2020 Abdulhaq et al.Adenosine is a critical regulator of inflammation and fibrosis, it affects endogenous cell signaling via binding to the A3 adenosine receptor. FM101 is a potent, highly selective A3 adenosine receptor modulator that has been developed as a treatment for glaucoma and hepatitis. We determined that FM101 is a biased ligand with functional activities both as a G protein agonist and a β-arrestin antagonist. The safety of FM101 was evaluated by administering an acute dose in rats, the results indicated that the approximate lethal dose was greater than 2000 mg/kg. In a subchronic toxicity study, FM101 was administered orally once per day to rats at doses of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day over a period of 28 days. Abnormal posture, irregular respiration, decreased movement, and ear flushing were observed during the early phase of dosing, and loose stools were observed sporadically among the animals that received 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day. Body weight and food consumption were decreased in one male and one female rat in the 1000 mg/kg/day group during the first 2 weeks of observation. read more However, there were no test substance-related changes or adverse effects observed during our ophthalmological, clinical chemistry, urine, organ weight, and histopathological analysis. These findings indicate that no observed adverse effect level of FM101 was 1000 mg/kg/day in male and female rats. Copyright © 2020 Park et al.This study examines how individuals perceive children, focusing on two dimensions-the positive aspects of having children and the perception of children as a burden-and taking into account relations with both individual- and macro-level characteristics. Three dimensions are examined on the macro-level policies that support families, the cultural environment, and economic conditions. The study is based on the 2012 ISSP module on "Family and Gender Roles" and covers 24 OECD countries. The findings show that countries vary widely in their negative perceptions of children, but evince relatively greater similarity in their positive perceptions. Institutional support for children and working parents and traditional family values as captured by religiosity are important factors in explaining cross-country variation in negative perceptions of children. Further, policies may help men and women adopt a more positive view of children and reduce differences among educational groups in relation to children. © Springer Nature B.V. 2019.Given a population at a specific time point, it is often of interest to identify the entry age into typical stages of life, such as being young, becoming adult and elderly. These age cutoffs are important because they influence the public opinion and have an impact on policy decisions. An issue of great social relevance is defining the threshold beyond which a person becomes elderly. Fixed cutoffs are debatable because of their conventional nature which disregards issues such as changing life expectancy and the evolving structure of the age distribution. The above shortcomings can be overcome if age cutoffs are defined endogenously, i.e., relative to the whole age distribution of each country at a specific time point. We pursue this line of research by presenting an analysis whose main features are (1) establishing a relationship between a country's welfare regime and its age distribution and aging process, together with the identification of four clusters of countries corresponding to distinctive welfare models and (2) a Bayesian hierarchical dynamic model which accounts for the uncertainty in the time series of measurements of the endogenous cutoffs for the countries in the sample, as well as for their clustering structure. Our analysis leads to model-based estimates of country-specific endogenous age cutoffs and corresponding aging indicators. Additionally, we provide cluster-specific estimates, a novel contribution engendered by the use of hierarchical modeling, which widens the scope of our analysis beyond the countries which are present in the sample. © Springer Nature B.V. 2019.This research studied the relationship between parenthood and life satisfaction in Switzerland. We tested predictions derived from set-point theory, the economic model of parenthood, the approaches that underscore work-family conflict and the psychological rewards from parenthood, and the 'taste for children' theory. We used Swiss Household Panel data (2000-2018) to analyse how life satisfaction changed during parenthood (fixed-effects regression) separately for a first child and a second child, mothers and fathers, and various socio-demographic groups. Our results showed that having a second child, which is common in Switzerland, correlates negatively with mothers' life satisfaction. The observed patterns are consistent with the idea that mothers' life satisfaction trajectories reflect work-family conflict. We found partial support for the set-point and the 'taste for children' theories. Our results did not support the approaches that emphasize the importance of psychological rewards from parenthood. © Springer Nature B.V. 2019, corrected publication August 2019.Using unique longitudinal microdata linking administrative records from Sweden and Finland, we study how immigrant naturalization relates to cultural proximity. We analyze how Swedish citizenship acquisition depends on mother tongue by comparing Swedish-speaking and Finnish-speaking immigrants from Finland, who arrived in Sweden in 1988-2004, and contrast with other Nordic-born immigrants. We treat return migration and naturalization as two elements in the decision process of immigrants, being the first to estimate competing risks models for naturalization and return migration for the same study group of persons. The setting of free mobility in the Nordic countries, together with economic, political and social similarities, implies that the direct benefits of naturalization are modest and the same for all Nordic-born immigrants in Sweden. Thus, we assess naturalization in an analytical framework where many confounding factors are circumvented and in which the study groups have grown up in the similar institutional setting. Swedish-speaking Finns are found to have an approximately 30 percent higher standardized risk of naturalization than Finnish-speaking Finns, and a 2.5 times higher risk as compared to people from the other Nordic countries. We argue that these differentials reflect the degree to which the groups broadly differ in affinity with Sweden. © The Author(s) 2019.In the last decades, more complex types of residential mobility, such as second homes, arose while one-way relocations declined. Existing studies that address migration and commuting as being substitutes often face problems of endogeneity or lack of data regarding decision-making on different types of residential mobility. In contrast, we investigate decision-making on migration, commuting, and establishing a second home by using a factorial survey experiment, which allows for the accounting of both endogeneity bias through randomisation and complexity in decision-making through treatment variation. Hypothetical job offers were presented to a sample of academic staff of a Swiss university (ETH Zurich) in order to examine the intended types of residential mobility and their drivers. Referring to the concept of loss aversion, the utility of a second home can exceed the joint utilities of migration and commuting particularly when the total loss of the current residence bears intolerable costs caused by location-specific capital, and daily commuting bears prohibitive costs caused by a lengthy distance. Analyses show that the migration intention is mainly caused by low migration and high transition costs and the commuting intention is mainly caused by low transition costs and high migration costs. Establishing a second home is indeed more intended with simultaneously higher migration and transition costs. In sum, a second home may be understood as a substitute for one-way relocations and daily commuting, yet primarily under conditions of extremely high or irreversible migration costs and unsustainable transition costs. © Springer Nature B.V. 2019.
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