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This study aimed to map the outcome measures of clinical efficacy reported in Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT) to evaluate disease-modifying therapies (DMT) in patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (RMS).

A systematic scoping review was performed to identify RCT that assessed the efficacy of DMT in adult patients with RMS. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and The Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials and complemented by manual search. A descriptive-quantitative analysis of the clinical efficacy outcomes with their respective definitions was performed.

Of the 5,476 records identified, 226 were included. Among the included studies, 89% reported clinical efficacy outcomes, with 77 different outcomes identified, including five composite outcomes. A total of 36 different definitions for 'relapse' were identified. 'Annualized relapse rate' was the most prevalent single outcome (n=56 studies). At the same time, the 'Proportion of patients with no evidence of radiological and clinic disease activity' was the most prevalent composite outcome (n=14 studies) although with six different definitions.

An absence of consensus on the clinical efficacy outcomes reported in RCT associated with a wide heterogeneity of definitions were identified. The mapped results of this research can be used as a basis for the definition of a core outcome set for clinical efficacy outcomes in adults with RMS.
An absence of consensus on the clinical efficacy outcomes reported in RCT associated with a wide heterogeneity of definitions were identified. The mapped results of this research can be used as a basis for the definition of a core outcome set for clinical efficacy outcomes in adults with RMS.
A wide range of risk factors, from genetic to environmental, have been identified to play role in the etiology of multiple sclerosis. However, the role of trace element remains mostly unknown. We sought to combine all available evidence to assess the association between copper concentration and multiple sclerosis.

This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted based on PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science were searched since inception till July 2020. Observational studies that assessed copper as exposure in serum, plasma, whole blood, and cerebrospinal fluid were included. Standardized mean differences (SMD), comparing the mean of copper concentration in multiple sclerosis patients versus healthy controls, were considered as the measure of association. The fixed-effect model with inverse variance weighting was used to combine the findings.

Twenty studies inclusive of 797 multiple sclerosis cases and 875 healthy controls were included in the meta-analysis (all case-control studies). The combined SMDs were 1.25 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.95 to 1.55, number of included studies [n]=4) in plasma, 0.45 (CI 0.22 to 0.68, n=4) in whole blood, 0.19 (CI 0.06 to 0.33, n=12) in blood serum and 1.23 (CI 0.83 to 1.64, n=4) in cerebrospinal fluid.

We found a higher concentration of copper in multiple sclerosis patients than healthy controls. The possible causal nature of the observed associations warrants further investigation with prospective data.
We found a higher concentration of copper in multiple sclerosis patients than healthy controls. The possible causal nature of the observed associations warrants further investigation with prospective data.
The epidemiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO) remains to be clarified or updated in many parts of Asia. This study aims to investigate the epidemiology and comorbidities of MS and NMO during 2001-2015 in Taiwan.

We conducted a retrospective nationwide population-based study using data from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. Cases of MS and NMO aged 20 years or above during 2001-2015 were enrolled. The incidence, prevalence, demographic features, and comorbidities were investigated.

We identified 4627 MS and 861 NMO incident cases aged 20 or above during 2003-2015. The incidence of MS was relatively stationary, while that of NMO apparently rose steeply during the study period. The age-standardized incidence rate of MS and NMO in 2015 were 1.34 and 0.61 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. The age-standardized prevalence rate of MS and NMO in 2015 were 6.69 and 1.47 per 100,000 persons, respectively. The female preponderance was evident for both MS and NMO. Except for diabetes mellitus, the most common autoimmune comorbidities for MS and NMO were Sjogren syndrome and systemic sclerosis, and Sjogren syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus, respectively.

Taiwan has transitioned from low- to medium-risk zone during 2001-2015 in terms of MS prevalence, although its incidence remained stationary. The apparent upsurge of NMO over the period probably reflects increased awareness of this clinical entity. Comorbid autoimmune disorders were relatively common, and overlapping but differential autoimmune comorbidity profiles were noted for MS and NMO.
Taiwan has transitioned from low- to medium-risk zone during 2001-2015 in terms of MS prevalence, although its incidence remained stationary. The apparent upsurge of NMO over the period probably reflects increased awareness of this clinical entity. Comorbid autoimmune disorders were relatively common, and overlapping but differential autoimmune comorbidity profiles were noted for MS and NMO.While the abundance of photobacteria has previously been exclusively associated with marine environments and spoilage of seafood, several recent studies have demonstrated their status as pervasive constituents of the microbiota on packaged meats. Since their ubiquitous nature has been revealed, detection of their presence on meat, their entry route into meat processing environments and prevention of their growth is a novel emerging challenge for the food industry. In this study, we have developed a highly sensitive and specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the detection of relevant species of photobacteria on foods, and tested its efficacy on meats. see more The gene encoding trimethylamine-N-oxide reductase (torA) was chosen as the target for this assay. Designed primers based on the gene sequence proved their specificity by testing 67 isolates of 5 species of photobacteria (positive) as well as 63 strains of 16 species of other common meat spoilers (negative). The optimized assay takes 2 h including sample preparation and has a detection limit of only 10-11 copies (50 fg/reaction) of the average Photobacterium (P.
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