Notes

Effects of membrane transfer action and also cell metabolic rate on the unbound drug concentrations from the bone muscle tissue as well as liver organ of drugs: A microdialysis study throughout test subjects.
We suggest formulating guidelines to help surgical trainees to continue their learning process with least psychological burden.
Coronavirus-19 pandemic has a serious effect on all healthcare workers and surgical residents have experienced a considerable amount of stress. Accordingly, this psychological burden should be appropriately addressed in organizations planning strategies. ARS-1620 ic50 We suggest formulating guidelines to help surgical trainees to continue their learning process with least psychological burden.
To analyze the clinical characteristics and in-hospital outcomes among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) positive medical staff compared with those of public.Methods A total of 108 COVID-19-positive medical staff patients were included in the study from March 23, 2020 to June 15, 2020. Patients were analyzed for demographic data, clinical presentations, and in-hospital outcomes and compared against 661 COVID-19-infected patients of non-medical personel.Results Mean age of medical staff patients was 44.05±13.9 years, most of whom were women (63.9%). The infected medical staff members consisted of 63 nurses (58.3%), 37 physicians (34.3%), 5 technicians (4.6%), and 3 pharmacists (2.8%). Smoking (60.2%) was themost frequent, followed by diabetes mellitus (37%). Of 108 COVID-19 infected medical staff, 18 (16.6%) wereisolated in the intensive care unit (ICU), of which 14 (77.8%) were male, 16 (88.9%) were smokers, and 16 (88.9%) presented with pneumonia. Fatality ratio among medical staff patients was 4.6%. Malntly low compared with the general community. Training should be implemented for all hospital staff on infection prevention techniques. Reliable and quick access for testing medical personnel is essential to maintain health, safety, and availability of health care workers during this pandemic.
To improve our local data and demographics of thyroid neoplasm in Makkah region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and provide some basic statistics for future studies in our local community.Methods A record based retrospective epidemiological study was conducted and included 314 thyroid disease patients who were presented to our centers at Makkah region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia between December 2009 and December 2019.Results A descriptive statistical analysis was carried out. The average age was 42.77 years, with a female-to-male ratio of 31, and most of the patients were Saudi (77%). Fifty-seven percent of cases were benign, while in malignant cases, 33.4% were papillary thyroid carcinoma. link2 The mean follow-up time was 15.44 months, with excellent compliance in 39.4% of the patients.Conclusion Thyroid tumors have a leading incidence in head and neck tumors in Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, mandating further studies to determine the causes and distribution in other regions of the country.
To improve our local data and demographics of thyroid neoplasm in Makkah region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and provide some basic statistics for future studies in our local community. Methods A record based retrospective epidemiological study was conducted and included 314 thyroid disease patients who were presented to our centers at Makkah region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia between December 2009 and December 2019. Results A descriptive statistical analysis was carried out. The average age was 42.77 years, with a female-to-male ratio of 31, and most of the patients were Saudi (77%). Fifty-seven percent of cases were benign, while in malignant cases, 33.4% were papillary thyroid carcinoma. The mean follow-up time was 15.44 months, with excellent compliance in 39.4% of the patients. Conclusion Thyroid tumors have a leading incidence in head and neck tumors in Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, mandating further studies to determine the causes and distribution in other regions of the country.
To evaluate the relationship between the frequency of ED visits and outpatient department (OPD) follow-up in sickle cell disease (SCD) pediatric patients.

A retrospective cohort study included 247 SCD pediatric patients between January 2016 and December 2018 at the Maternity and ChildrenHospital, Department of Pediatrics, Al Medinah Al Munawarah, Saudi Arabia. Data were extracted from electronic medical record system; patientdemographics, medications, frequency of emergency department (ED) and OPD visits. Pearson correlation coefficient, linear regression and independent sample t-test were applied.

There was no significant correlation (95% CI [-0.013- 0.233]; p=0.07) between the frequency of ED and OPD visits. However, a significant correlation was found between ED visits and missed OPD appointments. Thus, linear regression was applied and indicated that one missed OPD appointment is associated with 1.92 ED visits, (95% CI 0.19-0.42; p less than0.001). Also, a higher rate of ED visits was observed when compared with other studies, with a high ED reliance of 43%.

This study found that regular OPD visits could improve SCD management, as a directly proportional relationship between the frequency of ED visits and missed OPD appointments along with high ED reliance.
This study found that regular OPD visits could improve SCD management, as a directly proportional relationship between the frequency of ED visits and missed OPD appointments along with high ED reliance.
To establish an association between cigarette smoking, cognition, and plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in healthy young adults.

This was an ex post facto analytic cross-sectional study conducted between March and November 2018. Participants were 73 healthy males (31 smokers and 42 non-smokers), 17-33 years old. The cognitive function of the participants was assessed through the Cambridge neuropsychological test automated battery (CANTAB). Blood samples were taken to measure the plasma levels of BDNF andthe results were compared to identify the associationbetween smoking related variables and cognitive testscores and plasma BDNF levels. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Smokers performed significantly worse than non-smokers in the multitasking test, including reaction time and rapid visual information processing. However, no significant association was observed between smoking related variables and cognitive test scores. The only significant positive correlation was found between plasma BDNF levels and the number of cigarettes smoked per day (r=0.480, p=0.024). No correlation was observed between other smoking related variables and plasma BDNF levels.

Plasma BDNF level is positively related to the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Young smokers have significantly impaired sustained attention and less ability to manage conflicting information as compared to age-matched non-smokers.
Plasma BDNF level is positively related to the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Young smokers have significantly impaired sustained attention and less ability to manage conflicting information as compared to age-matched non-smokers.
To assess the cognitive status of older adults in Saudi Arabia.

This was a cross-sectional, multistage, stratified study of older individuals (≥60 years of age) attending primary healthcare centres in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia between January 2015 and April 2017. We collected data using a structured questionnaire, which incorporated questions regarding demographic and anthropometric variables, the Arabic version of Mini-Mental State Examination, the Mini-Nutritional Assessment tool, and the Modified Katz Index of Independence in activities of daily living.

Of the 1299 participants, 914 (70.4%) were male, with a mean age of 66.2 ± 5.9 years. Approximately 79.1% of the participants had intact cognitive function,17.1 had mild cognitive impairment, and 3.8% had severe cognitive impairment. link3 Impaired cognitive function wasassociated with increased age, female gender, low education, unmarried status, and unemployed (p less than0.001). Reduced cognitive impairment was significantly associated with functional impairment and malnutrition (p less than0.001).

Cognitive impairment affected around 21% of the participants. The reduced cognitive function was associated with increased age, female gender, low education level, unmarried, low income, dependency on others, functional impairment, and malnutrition. Such information could motivate health-policy makers to introduce appropriate measures to improve older adults' existing healthcare services in primary care, including cognitive function assessment.
Cognitive impairment affected around 21% of the participants. The reduced cognitive function was associated with increased age, female gender, low education level, unmarried, low income, dependency on others, functional impairment, and malnutrition. Such information could motivate health-policy makers to introduce appropriate measures to improve older adults' existing healthcare services in primary care, including cognitive function assessment.
To investigate the seroprevalence of influenza viruses (A and B) among blood donors in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.MethodsThe present investigation was conducted between April 2019 and July 2019. Participants were healthy adults recruited from the central blood bank Al Madinah Al Munawarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.Immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels against influenza A and B were measured in serum samples using ELISA.

The results showed that 29.2% of the sample had significant concentrations of influenza A IgG antibody, whereas 38.6% had significant concentrations of influenza B IgG antibody. A strong correlation was found between the levels of influenza A and influenza B antibodies (r=0.708, p less than0.001). The number of individuals identified as negative for influenza A IgG antibody increased with age (p less than0.01). In addition, no correlations were identified between influenza A IgG and influenza B IgG and body mass index (BMI), (p greater than0.05). Finally, linear regression analysis showed that the level of influenza A antibody can be predicted by age (p less than0.05) and body mass index (BMI) (p less than0.05).

Approximately one-third of Saudi Arabian adults presented significant levels of influenza A and B antibodies in our study. Demographic factors, including age and BMI, might contribute to influenza A antibody levels.
Approximately one-third of Saudi Arabian adults presented significant levels of influenza A and B antibodies in our study. Demographic factors, including age and BMI, might contribute to influenza A antibody levels.
To determine the possible associations of polymorphisms in interleukin (IL)-8 (rs4073 T/A), IL-10 (rs1800896 A/G), IL-22 (rs1179251 C/G and rs2227485 C/T), IL-27 (rs17855750 T/G), and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFß1) (rs1800469 C/T) with colorectal cancer (CRC) susceptibility in Saudi patients.

The case-control study was carried out between July 2019 and January 2020 in King Khaled University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A total of 70 patients with CRC and 70 healthy controls were included in the study. Single nucleotide polymorphismsof promoter regions were determined using TaqMan genotyping assays.

A statistically significant reduction in CRC risk was identified for carriers of the IL-10 (rs1800896 A/G) AG genotype, IL-22 (rs1179251 C/G) G allele, IL-27 (rs17855750 T/G) G allele and TGFß1 (rs1800469 C/T) CT and TT genotype. While IL-10 (rs1800896 A/G) AA genotype and TGFß1 (rs1800469 C/T) CC genotype were significantly associated with increased susceptibility to CRC. No significant associations were identified between the cytokine polymorphisms of IL-8 (rs4073 T/A) and IL-22 (rs2227485 C/T), and CRC risk.
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