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The relationship was overall strongest in winter, followed by spring, and weakest in summer and autumn. The flux of NH4-N and PO4-P released by the two macroinvertebrate species were equivalent to as much as 50% and 66%, respectively, of the sediment release recorded in lab experiments under undisturbed conditions; however, the percentages would be somewhat lower under field conditions where the sediment is subjected to frequent wind-induced resuspension and fish disturbance, enhancing the release rates. The release declined during the study period due to a reduction in the density of macroinvertebrates, perhaps indicating increasing stocking of fish since 2007. Our results indicate that benthic invertebrates are important contributor to the internal loading in shallow eutrophic lakes. Antibiotic and heavy metal pollution of aquatic environments are issues of serious concern, and the macrophyte Myriophyllum aquaticum may provide a viable solution for the removal of these contaminants. However, the toxic effects of coexisting tetracyclines (TCs) and Cu(II) on this plant species are currently unclear. In the present study, we constructed wetland microcosms planted with M. aquaticum and spiked these with three TCs (tetracycline, oxytetracycline, and chlortetracycline) and Cu(II) at concentrations ranging from 100 to 10,000 μg/L to investigate how Cu(II) influences the growth and tolerance responses of plants to TCs. After 12 weeks, we found that TCs had accumulated in the plants, and that plant growth and characteristics were significantly affected by the levels of both TCs and Cu(II). While low Cu(II) levels had a synergistic effect on the accumulation of TCs, high levels were observed to reduce accumulation. However, low levels of TCs and Cu(II) had a hormesis effect on plant growth, with plant biomass and leaf chlorophyll content decreasing and the malondialdehyde content and activities of antioxidant enzymes gradually increasing with an increase in TC dosage. The coexistence of low levels of Cu(II) was, however, found to alleviate these adverse effects. Principal component analysis revealed a close relationship among plant biomass, chlorophyll content, malondialdehyde content, and antioxidant enzyme activities. Considering that the Cu/TC ratio was shown to markedly affect M. aquaticum growth, the respective proportions of these pollutants should be taken into consideration in the future design of constructed wetlands. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a well-established traffic emissions tracer and has been associated with multiple adverse health outcomes. Short- and long-term exposure to NO2 has been studied and is well-documented in existing literature, but information on intermediate-term NO2 effects and mortality is lacking, despite biological plausibility. We obtained daily NO2 and mortality data from 42 counties in China from 2013 to 2015. Distributed-lag non-linear models were employed to investigate the relationship between non-accidental mortality and NO2 up to 30 days before the event, including PM2.5, temperature, relative humidity, and holidays as covariates in a random effects meta-analysis pooling county-specific estimates. We repeated the analysis for cardiovascular- and respiratory-related mortality, and explored sex-stratified associations. Per 10 μg/m3 increase in NO2, we estimated a 0.13% (95%CI 0.03, 0.23%), 0.57% (95%CI -0.04, 1.18%), and -0.14% (95%CI -1.63, 1.37%) change in non-accidental mortality for same-day and previous-day NO2 (lag0-1 cumulated), in the preceding 7 days (lag0-7 cumulated), and in the preceding 30 days (lag0-30 cumulated), respectively. The strongest estimate was observed for respiratory-related mortality in the lag0-30 cumulated effect for women (3.12%; 95%CI -1.66, 8.13%). We observed a trend of higher effect estimates of intermediate-term NO2 exposure on respiratory mortality compared to that of the short-term, although the differences were not statistically significant. Our results at longer lags for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality were sensitive to modeling choices. Future work should further investigate intermediate-term air pollution exposure given their potential biological relevance, but in larger scale settings. The molecular mechanism of evaluating 17β-estradiol (E2)-induced toxicity in female Daphnia magna has not been determined. In this study, the transcriptome of D. magna was analyzed after exposure to three different concentrations (0, 10, and 100 ng L-1) of E2 at 3, 6, and 12 h. The results showed 351-17,221 significantly up-regulated and 505-10,282 significantly down-regulated genes (P less then 0.05). Overall, the selected largest 10,282 (10 ng L-1vs control at 12 h) down-regulated and 17,221 (100 vs 10 ng L-1) up-regulated genes were identified; following annotation, pathways in cancer and RNA transport were found to be enriched according to the interaction network. Among all completed comparisons, KEGG pathways related to the immune system, cancer, disease infection, and active compound metabolism were identified by short time series expression miner analysis. A different set of genes fluctuated in a "U"-shaped pattern over time and at different concentrations of E2, whereas some genes associated with disintoxication showed a reverse "U"-shaped response as E2 administration was increased. These results suggest that E2 exposure caused transcriptional changes in the immune system, disintoxication, disease prevention, and the protein degradation pathway. Mycotoxins are high toxic, widely distributed contaminants in foodstuff. In this study, a aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) degrading strain S. acidoaminiphila CW117 was screened, and its detoxification characteristics were investigated. Substrate AFB1 at 45 μg/L was degraded by CW117 within 24 h; meanwhile, 4.1 mg/L AFB1 was almost degraded within 48 h. After 24 h degradation, the biotoxicity of the detoxified culture was eliminated. Strain CW117 efficient degradation to AFB1 (especially to low AFB1 concentrations) suggested its potential significance to detoxification development on food and feedstuff. The active degradation components present in the cell-free supernatant. The degradation ratio increased constantly with increasing incubation temperature raised (0-90 °C) and was even stable at 90 °C. Degradation was optimal at pH 6-7, and was only partially inhibited by metal-chelators (EDTA and EGTA), proteinase K, and a protein denaturant (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS). The recombinant laccase rLC1 (0.5 mg/mL) from CW117 degraded 29.3% of AFB1 within 24 h; however, the cell-free supernatant degraded 76.7% of the toxin in same time, with much lower protein content. The results indicated the CW117 degrades AFB1 via a combination of enzymes and micro-molecule oxides. Rice is a major dietary source of the toxic trace metal Cd. Large variation in Cd concentration in rice grain was documented by global and regional surveys, with this variation difficult to predict from soil tests. LDK378 ic50 Even within individual fields, a large spatial variation is often observed but the factors controlling this within-field spatial variation are still poorly understood. In the present study, we used field- and laboratory-based experiments to investigate the effects of a gentle slope gradient within paddy fields (a common farmers' practice to facilitate water flow from the inlet to the outlet) on Cd availability and grain Cd concentrations in unlimed and limed soils. In our field experiments, a gentle slope resulted in large spatial variations in soil redox potential (Eh) and pH upon soil drainage during rice grain filling. As a result of these variations in Eh and pH, there was a 6- to 7-fold spatial within-field variation in grain Cd concentrations, which were the highest in the irrigation inlet area associated with higher Eh values and the lowest in the outlet area with lower Eh values. Our results highlight that soil Eh, and more importantly, field-moist soil pH during grain filling determine grain Cd concentration and accordingly, incorporating measurements of soil redox status (or water content) and pH of field moist soils (rather than air-dried soils) during grain filling may improve the prediction of grain Cd concentrations. Delaying drainage during grain filling or increasing soil pH by liming is effective in reducing grain Cd accumulation. Microplastic pollution is becoming a major challenge with the growing use of plastic. In recent years, research about microplastic pollution in the environment has become a field of study with increased interest, with ever expanding findings on sources, sinks and pathways of microplastics. Wastewater treatment plants effectively remove microplastics from wastewater and concentrate them in sewage sludge which is often used to fertilise agricultural fields. Despite this, quantification of microplastic pollution in agricultural fields through the application of sewage sludge is largely unknown. In light of this issue, four wastewater treatment plants and 16 agricultural fields (0-8 sewage sludge applications of 20-22 tons ha-1 per application), located in the east of Spain, were sampled. Microplastics were extracted using a floatation and filtration method, making a distinction between light density microplastics (ρ 1 g cm-3). Sewage sludge, on average, had a light density plastic load of 18,000 ± 15,940 microplastics kg-1 and a heavy density plastic load of 32,070 ± 19,080 microplastics kg-1. Soils without addition of sewage sludge had an average light density plastic load of 930 ± 740 microplastics kg-1 and a heavy density plastic load of 1100 ± 570 microplastics kg-1. Soils with addition of sewage sludge had an average light density plastic load of 2130 ± 950 microplastics kg-1 and a heavy density plastic load of 3060 ± 1680 microplastics kg-1. link2 On average, soils' plastic loads increased by 280 light density microplastics kg-1 and 430 heavy density microplastics kg-1 with each successive application of sewage sludge, indicating that sewage sludge application results in accumulation of microplastics in agricultural soils. link3 In this paper, the effects of 100 mM NaCl and NaHCO3 stress on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and physiological and proteomic aspects of ROS metabolism in mulberry seedling leaves were studied. The results showed that NaCl stress had little effect on photosynthesis and respiration of mulberry seedling leaves. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and the expression of related proteins in leaves increased by varying degrees, and accumulation of superoxide anion (O2·-) not observed. Under NaHCO3 stress, photosynthesis and respiration were significantly inhibited, while the rate of O2·- production rate and H2O2 content increased. The activity of catalase (CAT) and the expression of CAT (W9RJ43) increased under NaCl stress. In response to NaHCO3 stress, the activity and expression of CAT were significantly decreased, but the ability of H2O2 scavenging of peroxidase (POD) was enhanced. The ascorbic acid-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle in mulberry seedling leaves was enhancement in both NaCl and NaHCO3 stress. The express and in turn, the oxidative damage to mulberry seedling leaves could not be reduced.
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