Notes

Triggers as well as emotional health within Bangladesh: unique circumstances and also potential hopes.
Prostate cancer is one of the most common deadly diseases in men worldwide, which is seriously affecting people's life and health. Reliable and automated segmentation of the prostate gland in MRI data is exceptionally critical for diagnosis and treatment planning of prostate cancer. Although many automated segmentation methods have emerged, including deep learning based approaches, segmentation performance is still poor due to the large variability of image appearance, anisotropic spatial resolution, and imaging interference. This study proposes an automated prostate MRI data segmentation approach using bicubic interpolation with improved 3D V-Net (dubbed 3D PBV-Net). Considering the low-frequency components in the prostate gland, the bicubic interpolation is applied to preprocess the MRI data. On this basis, a 3D PBV-Net is developed to perform prostate MRI data segmentation. To illustrate the effectiveness of our approach, we evaluate the proposed 3D PBV-Net on two clinical prostate MRI data datasets, i.e., PROMISE 12 and TPHOH, with the manual delineations available as the ground truth. Our approach generates promising segmentation results, which have achieved 97.65% and 98.29% of average accuracy, 0.9613 and 0.9765 of Dice metric, 3.120 mm and 0.9382 mm of Hausdorff distance, and average boundary distance of 1.708, 0.7950 on PROMISE 12 and TPHOH datasets, respectively. Our method has effectively improved the accuracy of automated segmentation of the prostate MRI data and is promising to meet the accuracy requirements for telehealth applications.
Drinking behaviors and depression are common and highly correlated behaviors in undergraduates. Child adversity and drinker self-schemas have been recognized as significant risk factors of drinking behaviors and depression. However, how the various child adversity forms differentially influence the formation of drinker self-schema and behaviors is underexplored. We aimed to determine whether drinker self-schema serves as a mechanism underlying the influence of child adversity forms on drinking frequency, drinking problems, and depressive symptoms.

A cross-sectional, correlational study design with an anonymous, internet-based survey was conducted. Participants were 330 first- and second-year undergraduates enrolled in a four-year college/university as full-time students in Taiwan. Path analysis was performed to examine the direct and indirect effects (through drinker self-schema) of child adversity forms on drinking frequency, drinking problems, and depressive symptoms. Gender and friend's alcohol use werma serves as an underlying mechanism linking psychological maltreatments to drinking behaviors.
To estimate the difference in delay discounting (DD) between subjects with Internet addiction (IA) and those without as well as to identify significant variables involved in DD.

Using the keywords related to IA (e.g., "excessive Internet use", "Internet dependence") AND "delayed reward discounting" OR "delay discounting" OR "temporal discounting" OR "delayed gratification" OR time discounting OR intertemporal choice OR impulsive choice, the PubMed, Embase, and PsycINFO databases were searched from inception to June 2020 for English articles with comparison between subjects with IA and those without. Effect sizes were calculated by group means from the k value or area under the curve (AUC). The random-effects models were used.

Fourteen studies in total were eligible for the current meta-analysis that involved 696 subjects with IA (mean age=22.71) and 2,394 subjects without (mean age=21.91). Subjects with IA had a steeper DD rate (g=1.10, 95% CI 0.57-1.64; p≤0.01) compared with that in those without. Regarding DD data, the difference between k value and AUC was significant (p<0.01; AUC>k). Additionally, the estimation of DD by the paper-and-pencil task was larger than that by the computerized task (p<0.01). Significant difference in the DD rate was also noted between subjects with Internet gaming disorder (IGD) and those with unspecified IA (p=0.00; IGD>IA). The percentage of men and task variables were significantly associated with the DD rate (all p<0.01), suggesting impaired DD in subjects with IA.

Our results suggested the feasibility of utilizing the DD rate as a therapeutic index for cognitive control in IA. Nevertheless, judicious use is recommended taking into consideration the significant difference between k value and AUC.
Our results suggested the feasibility of utilizing the DD rate as a therapeutic index for cognitive control in IA. Nevertheless, judicious use is recommended taking into consideration the significant difference between k value and AUC.
While it is generally recognised that cognitive attributes can predict behaviour change outcomes in the field of addiction this question is typically studied in treatment seeking samples (to predict treatment outcomes and relapse). However the concept of behaviour change applies to the entire spectrum of addiction-like behaviours and initiatives such as temporary abstinence challenges offer insight into an understudied but equally relevant point of the spectrum. Thus the current study examined whether reward-related attentional capture predicted non-abstinence during IkPas (the Dutch national dry January campaign translated NoThanks!).

Participants included 1130 adults who had complete baseline data and performed above chance level on the cognitive task. Of these 683 participants completed the post-IkPas assessment and were included in the primary analysis. A binary logistic regression examined whether reward-related attentional capture predicted drinking during IkPas controlling for alcohol use at baseline (among other potential confounders).

Participants who showed greater reward-related attentional capture before IkPas were more likely to not remain abstinent from drinking during IkPas (p=.014). Findings were replicated using multiple imputation to replace missing data (p=.013).

These findings provide important insights into the cognitive mechanisms that support successful behaviour change such as the ability to ignore task-irrelevant reward cues and may inform the development of tools that individuals could use to maximise their likelihood of achieving successful behaviour change.
These findings provide important insights into the cognitive mechanisms that support successful behaviour change such as the ability to ignore task-irrelevant reward cues and may inform the development of tools that individuals could use to maximise their likelihood of achieving successful behaviour change.Research shows that there has been a substantial increase in substance use and abuse during the COVID-19 pandemic, and that substance use/abuse is a commonly reported way of coping with anxiety concerning COVID-19. Anxiety about COVID-19 is more than simply worry about infection. Research provides evidence of a COVID Stress Syndrome characterized by (1) worry about the dangers of COVID-19 and worry about coming into contact with coronavirus contaminated objects or surfaces, (2) worry about the personal socioeconomic impact of COVID-19, (3) xenophobic worries that foreigners are spreading COVID-19, (4) COVID-19-related traumatic stress symptoms (e.g., nightmares), and (5) COVID-19-related compulsive checking and reassurance-seeking. These form a network of interrelated nodes. Research also provides evidence of another constellation or "syndrome", characterized by (1) belief that one has robust physical health against COVID-19, (2) belief that the threat of COVID-19 has been exaggerated, and (3) disregard for social distancing. selleck kinase inhibitor These also form a network of nodes known as a COVID-19 Disregard Syndrome. The present study, based on a population-representative sample of 3075 American and Canadian adults, sought to investigate how these syndromes are related to substance use and abuse. We found substantial COVID-19-related increases in alcohol and drug use. Network analyses indicated that although the two syndromes are negatively correlated with one another, they both have positive links to alcohol and drug abuse. More specifically, COVID-19-related traumatic stress symptoms and the tendency to disregard social distancing were both linked to substance abuse. Clinical and public health implications are discussed.
Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is an important factor in the development and progression of heart failure (HF). The prevalence of OSA is higher in patients with HF than in the general population. We sought to test the hypothesis that OSA severity was predictive of ventricular function and cardiac injury [as assessed by high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I(hs-cTnI)].

A total of 60 patients were recruited after evaluation for sleep disturbances using the Jenkins Sleep Questionnaire (JSQ) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Subsequently, they underwent polysomnography thus confirming the diagnosis of OSA and were equally divided into three groups according to OSA severity grade. Following polysomnography, the next morning patients underwent venous blood sampling and echocardiography.

We observed a statistically significant association (P=0.009) between diastolic dysfunction grades and severity grades of OSA. All the three diastolic dysfunction variables E/A ratio, deceleration time and E/e' ratio had a signwith the notion of a vicious cycle of frequent apnoea's or hypoxemia and recurrent myocardial injury, which could increase the risk of heart failure especially diastolic dysfunction in OSA.
On Nov 17, 2020, WHO launched a global initiative to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer through the implementation of HPV vaccination, cervical cancer screening and treatment for precancer and cancer. China has the largest burden of cervical cancer in the world, but only has a national cervical cancer screening program in rural areas since 2009. Here, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of cervical cancer screening in urban China, using Shenzhen City as an example.

We use an extensively validated platform ('Policy1-Cervix'), calibrated to data from Shenzhen city and Guandong Province. We evaluated a range of strategies that have previously been implemented as pilot studies in China, or recommended as guidelines within China and globally, spanning primary HPV, cytology and co-testing strategies. We additionally considered alternate triaging methods, age ranges and screening intervals, resulting in 19 algorithms in total.

Of the 19 strategies considered, the most effecr 100,000 over the long term. In order to achieve rates below 4 per 100,000, the elimination threshold set by the World Health Organization, vaccination will likely also be necessary.Specific Learning Disability (SLD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with significant problems in language processing, which are evident through difficulties in reading, writing, spelling, and mathematics. SLD was notified as a disability by the Government of India in 2016. Until then, it was primarily left to the discretion of the individual education boards to decide the assessment procedures and support measures for a child suspected to have SLD. However, with the enforcement of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act 2016 (RPWD Act), there is a legal binding to follow specific guidelines for assessment and certification mentioned in the RPWD Act. Nonetheless, there are issues inherent to the construct of SLD described in the diagnostic manuals and the current certification processes under the RPWD Act. In this context, this paper highlights the discrepancies in the requirements of the RPWD Act and the diagnostic criteria of the International Classification of Diseases -10 (ICD-10) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual- 5 (DSM-5) and draws implications for assessment and certification procedures which will affect the lives of millions of children in the Indian context.
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